Equine Anatomy > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 purposes of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support/framework for attachment points
  2. protect organs
  3. store calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium
  4. Production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. irregular
  4. flat
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3
Q

Long bones

A

-Found in limbs
-Provide support and resource of RBCS, WBCs, and platelets
-Ex. femur, humerus, short pastern, long pastern

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4
Q

Short bones

A

-Found in joints
-Provide shock absorption and decrease pressure on joints
-Ex. tarsal bones, carpal bones, sesamoids, patella

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

-Thin bones
-Protect internal organs
-Ex. ribs, skull bones, pelvic bone, scapula, sternum

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

-Odd shaped bones
-Ex. vertebrae, deep skull bones

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7
Q

What’s the purpose of joints?

A

Allow movement and absorption of impact

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8
Q

What’s the purpose of fibrous or fixed joints?

A

Allows extension of individual bones during growth; ossifies with age

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of fibrous/fixed joints?

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
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10
Q

Suture joint

A

-Type of fibrous/fixed joint
-Most joints of the skull

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11
Q

Syndesmosis joint

A

-Type of fibrous/fixed joint
-Occurs b/t shafts of some long bones
-Joined by ligaments
-Ex. metacarpal bones, radius/ulna, cannon/splint bones

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12
Q

What’s the purpose of cartilaginous joints?

A

-Allows minimal movement
-Bones held together by cartilage

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphysis
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14
Q

synchondroses

A

-type of cartilaginous joint
-cartilage ossifies with age
-only joint that involves only one bone
-Ex. long bone growth plates

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15
Q

synovial

A

freely moveable allowing skeletal movement

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16
Q

symphysis

A

-type of cartilaginous joint
-cartilage allows for small limited movement
-Ex. pelvis

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17
Q

axial skeleton purpose

A

provides framework and protection of organs

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18
Q

skull purpose

A

protects inner ear, brain, part of the eye, and nasal passage

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19
Q

parietal bone purpose

A

protects brain

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20
Q

what is the purpose of foramens throughout the skull?

A

for nerves/blood vessels to pass through

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21
Q

facial crest

A

good landmark for blood draw b/c blood vessel near; crest does not have blood vessels/nerves; put halter on to prevent breaking nasal bone

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22
Q

temporal fossa

A

allows opening/shutting of mouth; mandible sticks up through

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23
Q

coronoid process

A

part of mandible; muscles attach to allow chewing

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24
Q

condylar process

A

forms temporomandibular joint

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25
horse vertebral formula
C7T18L6S5C15-21
26
intervertebral discs
ring of fibrocartilage that cushion vertebrae
27
cervical vertebrae
high motion area, so more boxy in shape and have less protrusions
28
vertebral foramen are present in all but which type of vertebrae?
coccygeal vertebrae
29
which two cervical vertebrae have the highest range of motion? what kind of motion do they allow?
atlas: allows 'yes' motion axis: allows 'no' motion
30
what's the difference between true ribs and false ribs?
true ribs connect to sternum with cartilage, while false ribs connect to each other w/ cartilage, making them more flexible for greater lung capacity
31
what is the function of transverse foramen?
protect blood vessels/nerves
32
why are there no transverse foramen in thoracic vertebrae?
not as high motion as cervical vertebrae
33
thoracic vertebrae
tall spinous processes and no transverse foramen; costal fovea connects to ribs
34
lumbar vertebrae
large transverse processes
35
why do lumbar vertebrae have large transverse processes?
allows more muscle attachment w/ leg muscles
36
sacral vertebrae
fused, so no movement; anchors pelvis and hind limbs, forming SI joint; transverse foramen present for blood supply/nerves to hind legs; wings are the transverse processes
37
coccygeal vertebrae
decrease in size/complexity as move caudally; 15-21 typically
38
how many true rib pairs vs false rib?
true ribs: 8 pairs false ribs: 10 pairs
39
why does the radius and ulna fuse?
more stability and creates less unwanted mobility of the leg
40
why are there multiple carpal bones in the knee joint?
shock absorption and protect tendons/ ligaments and blood vessels from pinching
41
what is the purpose of sesamoids?
prevent pinching of nerves and blood vessels
42
what external part of the horse does the coxal tuberosity form? what is its significance?
point of hip; widest part of horse
43
function of pubis
protects/supports reproductive system
44
ligament
connects bone to bone; prevents unwanted movement in joints; somewhat flexible, but very tough; must cross at least 1 joint
45
tendon
connects muscle to bone; provides tension and a connection to creates a connection to create movement
46
why do tendons and ligaments heal poorly?
low blood supply/vascularity
47
what is a consequence of the angle of the fetlock joint?
puts a lot of pressure on the joint, so prone to injury
48
what prevents fetlock joint from blowing out?
ligaments and sagittal ridge inserting the long pastern
49
purpose of suspensory ligament
holds up and supports the fetlock to keep it from hitting the ground
50
origin and insertion of suspensory ligament
origin: palmar/plantar surface of carpus/tarsus insertion: splits above fetlock and some fibers attach to proximal sesamoids, while the rest comes around the front and inserts into the common digital extensor tendon
51
what are the 5 collateral ligaments we discussed?
1. collateral ligaments of the fetlock joint 2. collateral ligaments of the pastern joint 3. collateral ligaments of the coffin joint 4. collateral ligaments of the proximal sesamoids 5. collateral ligaments of the collateral cartilages
52
inter sesamoidean ligament purpose
attaches the proximal sesamoids to the cannon bone
53
superficial distal sesamoidean ligament purpose
prevents overextension of fetlock/pastern joints
54
distal medial and lateral oblique sesamoidean ligaments purpose
prevent overextension of fetlock
55
palmar/plantar annular ligaments
wraps around the fetlock and is broad/flat; most superficial
56
palmar/plantar annular ligaments purpose
stabilizes superficial digital flexor tendon
57
shoulder joint
no ligaments; muscles determine/limit movement
58
thoracic sling
muscles that attach front leg to axial skeleton; present b/c no collarbone
59
tendon
connects muscle to bone; crimped structure and collagen allows greater elasticity
60
deep digital flexor tendon
lays on top of suspensory ligament, intersesamoidean, and distal sesamoidean ligaments; pulls on coffin bone flexor surface to flex leg
61
superficial digital flexor tendon
lays on top of deep digital flexor tendon; splits and inserts at distal end of P1 and proximal end of P2 (4 insertion points); stabilizes deep digital flexor tendon and allows pull equally on long and short pastern
62
common digital extensor tendon
inserts into extensor process of coffin; pulls on coffin bone to cause extension of leg
63
lateral digital extensor tendon
comes down on lateral side of common digital extensor tendon; pulls on long pastern to pull pastern area forward
64
purpose of check ligaments
connects tendon to bone; stabilizes, supports, and decreases unwanted motion; needed so tendon doesn't become loose when bent
65
radial check ligament
connects distal radius to superficial deep flexor tendon
66
carpal check ligament
connects carpal bones to suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon
67
subtarsal check ligament
connects lower tarsal bones to deep digital flexor tendon
68
retinaculum
connective tissue around tendons that holds them in place; stabilizes tendons by going horizontally on the same bone
69
fascia
connective tissue in dense sheets; groups muscle together and prevents muscles from rubbing together; attaches to skeleton, muscles, ligaments, and tendons
70
why does the front limb have 2 check ligaments, while the back limb only has 1?
most weight is carried by the front legs of the horse
Equine Anatomy
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