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3rd year > CC LEC MIDTERMS > Flashcards

CC LEC MIDTERMS Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Contains C, H, and O

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

The general formula for a carbohydrate

A

Cx (H2O)

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3
Q

of glucose utilization in a resting adult is occurring in the CNS

A

2/3

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4
Q

Major food source and energy supply of the body and stored primarily

A

liver and muscle glycogen

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5
Q

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

most common form of monosaccharide

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

formed when two monosaccharides unit are joined by a glycosidic linkages

A

disaccharide

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8
Q

most common of disaccharide

A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

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9
Q

contains chains of 3 to 10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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10
Q

formed by the linkages of many monosaccharides units, on hydrolysis polysaccharides will yield more than 10 monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharide

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11
Q

most common form of polysaccharide

A

starch and glycogen

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12
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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16
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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17
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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18
Q

serve as primarily source of energy for human, derived from the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates

A

glucose

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19
Q

Intestinal absorption of carbohydrates occur in the

A

small intestine

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20
Q

Primary hormone responsible for ↓ blood glucose, ↑ glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis; inhibits glycogenesis

A

Insulin

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21
Q

Primary hormone responsible for ↑ blood glucose, enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

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22
Q

Inhibits insulin section, promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine

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23
Q

Or cortisol, ↓ intestinal entry of glucose, enhances glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal cortex.

A

Glucocorticoids

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24
Q

↓ entry of glucose into the cells and ↑ glycolysis, release from the pituitary is stimulated by ↓ glucose levels, and inhibited by ↑ glucose

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Stimulated the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and ↑ plasma glucose level by converting liver glycogen to glucose and promote gluconeogenesis.
ACTH
26
↑ intestinal absorption of glucose, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Thyroxine/T4
27
Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones
Somastatin
28
Defined as increased in plasma glucose caused by imbalance of hormones regulating glucose.
Hyperglycemia
29
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both.
diabetes mellitus
30
A decrease plasma glucose level and can have many causes: some are transient and relatively insignificant, but others can be life threatening
hypoglycemia
31
Result from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
The warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are related to the __________ __________ system
32
tremors, palpitation, anxiety, diaphoresis
Neurogenic
33
dizziness, tingling, blurry vision, confusion and behavioral changes
Neuroglycopenic
34
criteria for hypoglycemia diagnosis
○ Low blood glucose concentration ○ Typical symptoms are seen ○ Symptoms alleviated by glucose administration
35
Serum or plasma must be refrigerated and separated from the cells within
1 hour
36
are often used as an anticoagulant and preservatives of whole blood
sodium fluoride or gray top
37
Measures the blood sugar at any time without needing to fast, specimen is mostly capillary or anticoagulated whole blood.
random blood sugar
38
user friendly with rapid turn-around times and requires only a small sample volume.
point-of-care glucose testing
39
Measures the overall glucose homeostasis.
Fasting Blood Sugar
40
is defined by results of laboratory analysis for fasting glucose that fall into the impaired fasting glucose range.
prediabetes
41
Timed and a multiple blood sugar test
glucose tolerance test
42
aids in the diagnosis of gestational CM and cystic fibrosis-related DM.
glucose tolerance test
43
Plasma glucose specimen is collected fasting at __ minutes before glucose load and at ___ minutes after ingestion of glucose.
10, 120
44
This test measures the response of the body to a full meal, and determines how the body metabolizes glucose.
Two-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar
45
Preferred specimen: is whole blood; anticoagulant of choice is EDTA
Glycated Hemoglobin
46
Used for long-term monitoring of glucose over the previous 2-3 months or 18-20 weeks
glycated hemoglobin
47
Mostly composed of glycosylated or glycated albumin (plasma protein ketoamine); remaining portions are globulins and lipoproteins
Fructosamine
48
Albumin half-life
20 days
49
Sample preparation is through performing a lumbar puncture on anytime of the day using standard procedures.
CSF Glucose
50
Random or 24-hour specimen.
urine glucose
51
Preservatives of urine glucose
Glacial acetic acid or sodium benzoate.
52
examinations measure the presence or absence of a substance.
Qualitative
53
examinations provide an estimate (e.g. %) of how much of the measured substance is present.
Semi-quantitative
54
examinations are used for determining the amount of an analyte in a sample. The amount is always expressed as a number with appropriate units.
Quantitative
55
Alkaline Copper Reduction
a. Folin-Wu b. Nelson-Somogyi c. Neocuproine d. Benedict’s Test
56
Enzymatic Method
a. Glucose oxidase b. Hexokinase
57
Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose.
Alkaline Copper Reduction
58
One of the oldest methods and not specific for glucose determination since other substances (e.g. fructose, lactose, and glutathione) also bring about a reduction.
Folin-Wu
59
The blood glucose level when estimated by the Folin-Wu method is _____ than true glucose
higher
60
Modification of Folin-Wu method for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine
Benedict’s Test
61
In an alkaline medium, sodium carbonate converts glucose to enediol and this enediol reduces cupric to cuprous forming cuprous hydroxide.
Benedict’s Test
62
Final color formed is dependent on amount of reducing sugar present in given sample, this test is known as
semi-quantitative test
63
preferred due to stable and reproducible colors when combined with Somogyi's alkaline copper reagent.
Nelson's arsenomolybdate
64
Nelson's reagent contains ______ of which high toxicity is a serious environmental problem
Cuprous ion in neutral or slightly acidic solution (pH 3-9) reacts with neocuproine to form a complex which can be extracted by chloroform-methanol mixture to give ____ solution. The absorbance of the solution can be measured at ____ nm.
65
other name of Alkaline Ferric Reduction
Hagedorn Jensen
66
Involves reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
Alkaline Ferric Reduction
67
other name of Condensation Method
Dubowski or O-toluidine
68
Most specific of the nonenzymatic glucose assay methods
Condensation Method
69
The enzyme is specific for β-d-glucose, the form of glucose in the blood.
glucose oxidase
70
The color formed is ________ to the amount of glucose present.
proportional
71
can be used to measure glucose in CSF
Glucose oxidase methods
72
One used most often in automated chemistry analyzers.
hexokinase
73
are less subject to interference than the glucose oxidase–peroxidase methods, hence this is the most specific method for glucose and the reference method
hexokinase

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