IH EXAM

Question 1

Which blood group is known as the universal donor?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 1

d) O

Question 2

What determines an individual’s ABO blood group?
a) White blood cells
b) Red blood cell antigens
c) Platelets
d) Plasma composition

Answer 2

b) Red blood cell antigens

Question 3

Which blood type is the universal recipient?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 3

c) AB

Question 4

The Rh factor refers to the presence of which antigen?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) O

Answer 4

c) D

Question 5

What blood type can receive blood from all other types?
a) O+
b) AB+
c) A-
d) B-

Answer 5

b) AB+

Question 6

What blood group is the rarest?
a) A
b) AB
c) O
d) B

Answer 6

b) AB

Question 7

If both parents have type O blood, what is the blood type of their child?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 7

d) O

Question 8

The presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma indicates which blood type?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 8

d) O

Question 9

Which blood group has no antigens but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 9

d) O

Question 10

What percentage of the population is Rh-positive?
a) ~20%
b) ~40%
c) ~60%
d) ~85%

Answer 10

d) ~85%

Question 11

Blood type is inherited from:
a) Environment
b) Parents
c) Diet
d) Lifestyle

Answer 11

b) Parents

Question 12

A person with AB blood type can donate to:
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 12

c) AB

Question 13

The Rh-negative blood type can safely receive Rh-positive blood:
a) Always
b) Never
c) Only in emergencies
d) Only if matched

Answer 13

b) Never

Question 14

A person with type A blood can receive type B blood:
a) True
b) False

Answer 14

b) False

Question 15

Type O-negative blood is considered:
a) Universal donor
b) Universal recipient
c) Rare donor
d) Universal plasma donor

Answer 15

a) Universal donor

Question 16

The ABO blood group system was discovered by:
a) Karl Landsteiner
b) Alexander Fleming
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Louis Pasteur

Answer 16

a) Karl Landsteiner

Question 17

The Rh factor was first discovered in:
a) Dogs
b) Mice
c) Humans
d) Rhesus monkeys

Answer 17

d) Rhesus monkeys

Question 18

Type _______ blood has both A and B antigens.
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 18

c) AB

Question 19

The most common blood type worldwide is:
a) A+
b) B+
c) O+
d) AB+

Answer 19

c) O+

Question 20

A person with type B blood has anti-_______ antibodies.
a) A
b) B
c) O
d) AB

Answer 20

a) A

Question 21

A patient with blood type O needs a transfusion. What blood types can they safely receive?
a) O only
b) A and O
c) AB only
d) Any blood type

Answer 21

a) O only

Question 22

A woman with type AB blood is expecting a child. What are the possible blood types of the baby?
a) A, B, AB, or O
b) A or B only
c) O only
d) AB only

Answer 22

a) A, B, AB

Question 23

If a person with type A blood receives type B blood, what immune response occurs?
a) No reaction
b) Blood clotting and immune response
c) Increased oxygen levels
d) Red blood cell production increases

Answer 23

b) Blood clotting and immune response

Question 24

A blood sample reacts with anti-B serum but not anti-A serum. What is the blood type?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Answer 24

b) B

Question 25

Why might a person with Rh-negative blood need an injection during pregnancy? a) To strengthen the immune system b) To prevent Rh incompatibility c) To enhance blood flow d) To increase oxygen levels

Answer 25

b) To prevent Rh incompatibility

Question 26

What is the function of red blood cells? a) Transport oxygen b) Fight infections c) Clot blood d) Remove waste

Answer 26

a) Transport oxygen

Question 27

Plasma carries: a) Nutrients and waste b) Oxygen only c) Antibodies only d) Platelets only

Answer 27

a) Nutrients and waste

Question 28

What does hemoglobin do? a) Clots blood b) Binds oxygen c) Produces antibodies d) Fights infections

Answer 28

b) Binds oxygen

Question 29

Why is O-negative blood crucial in emergency transfusions? a) It has no antigens b) It contains extra oxygen c) It is the rarest type d) It enhances immunity

Answer 29

a) It has no antigens

Question 30

How do blood group mismatches cause transfusion reactions? a) They create clotting proteins b) They trigger an immune response c) They increase hemoglobin production d) They promote blood circulation

Answer 30

b) They trigger an immune response

Question 31

The Rh factor is important in: a) Digestion b) Pregnancy c) Bone health d) Brain function

Answer 31

b) Pregnancy

Question 32

Blood type O-negative is important because: a) It is the rarest blood type b) It is the universal donor c) It contains the most antibodies d) It has extra oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer 32

b) It is the universal donor

Question 33

Which component helps blood clot? a) Plasma b) Red blood cells c) Platelets d) White blood cells

Answer 33

c) Platelets

Question 34

What makes AB+ the universal recipient? a) It has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies b) It lacks Rh factor c) It has no antibodies d) It has extra hemoglobin

Answer 34

c) It has no antibodies

Question 35

What is the most important consideration in blood transfusion? a) Blood volume b) Blood type compatibility c) Patient’s weight d) Donor’s age

Answer 35

b) Blood type compatibility

Question 36

What substances are found in the body secretions of individuals with secretor status?

Answer 36

A, B, H substances ## Footnote These substances are present in all body secretions except cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 37

What percentage of individuals have secretor status?

Answer 37

80% ## Footnote This indicates that the majority of the population can secrete A, B, and H substances.

Question 38

What determines the ability to secrete A, B, and H substances?

Answer 38

The presence of the secretor gene (Se) This gene can be in either homozygous (SeSe) or heterozygous (Sese) state.

Question 39

What are the two genetic states that indicate the presence of the secretor gene?

Answer 39

Homozygous (SeSe) and heterozygous (Sese) ## Footnote Both states allow for the secretion of A, B, and H substances.

Question 40

True or False: Individuals with secretor status can secrete substances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Answer 40

False ## Footnote A, B, and H substances are not found in CSF.

Question 41

What is the first report of the Bombay Phenotype?

Answer 41

First reported by Bhende et al in Bombay in 1952.

Question 42

What is the estimated frequency of the Bombay Phenotype in Bombay?

Answer 42

Frequency estimated to be about 1 in 7600 in Bombay.

Question 43

What antigens are absent in the Bombay Phenotype?

Answer 43

Absence of H, A & B antigens. No agglutination with anti-A, anti-B or anti-H.

Question 44

What antibodies are present in the serum of individuals with the Bombay Phenotype?

Answer 44

Presence of anti-H, anti-A and anti-B in the serum.

Question 45

Are A, B, or H substances present in the saliva of Bombay Phenotype individuals?

Answer 45

No A, B or H substances present in saliva.

Question 46

What blood groups are compatible with the Bombay Phenotype?

Answer 46

Incompatible with any ABO blood groups, compatible with Bombay phenotype only.

Question 47

What is the mode of inheritance for the Bombay Phenotype?

Answer 47

A recessive mode of inheritance (identical phenotypes in children but not in parents).

Question 48

How do ABO subgroups differ?

Answer 48

ABO subgroups differ in the amount of antigen present on the red blood cell membrane.

Question 49

What characterizes ABO subgroups?

Answer 49

Subgroups have less antigen and are the result of less effective enzymes.

Question 50

What is the efficiency of enzymes in ABO subgroups?

Answer 50

They are not as efficient in converting H antigens to A or B antigens (fewer antigens are present on the RBC).

Question 51

Which ABO subgroup is more common?

Answer 51

Subgroups of A are more common than subgroups of B.

Question 52

What are the two principal subgroups of A?

Answer 52

The two principal subgroups of A are A1 and A2. ## Footnote Both react strongly with reagent anti-A.

Question 53

What is used to distinguish A1 from A2 red cells?

Answer 53

The lectin Dolichos biflorus is used (anti-A1).

Question 54

What percentage of group A or AB individuals are A?

Answer 54

80% of group A or AB individuals are A1 and A1B, while 20% are A2 and A2B.

Question 55

What must routine ABO grouping include?

Answer 55

Both cell and serum testing, as each test serves as a check on the other.

Question 56

What temperature should ABO grouping tests be done at?

Answer 56

Room temperature or lower; testing at 37°C weakens the reactions.

Question 57

What should be ensured about tubes and slides during testing?

Answer 57

They should be dry and labeled properly.

Question 58

When should serum be added in the testing process?

Answer 58

Serum should always be added before adding cells.

Question 59

When should results be recorded?

Answer 59

Results should be recorded immediately after observation.

Question 60

How is hemolysis interpreted in ABO grouping?

Answer 60

Hemolysis is interpreted as a positive result.

Question 61

What type of tubes should be used for blood samples?

Answer 61

Clearly labeled blood samples in sterile tubes (Plain & EDTA)

Question 62

When should the blood test be performed for best results?

Answer 62

The test should be performed on the fresh sample for best results.

Question 63

What should be done if the test cannot be performed immediately?

Answer 63

The sample can be stored at 4°C and should be tested within 48 hours.

Question 64

What condition should the blood sample not show?

Answer 64

No signs of hemolysis should be there.

Question 65

What to do if serum is not completely separated?

Answer 65

Centrifuge tube at 1000-3000 rpm for 3 minutes.

Question 66

What type of red cells should preferably be used?

Answer 66

Preferably use saline washed red cells and make a 2-5% suspension.

Question 67

What is the recommended method for ABO grouping?

Answer 67

Test Tube Method ## Footnote Allows longer incubation of antigen and antibody mixture without drying.

Question 68

What is an advantage of the Test Tube Method?

Answer 68

Tubes can be centrifuged to enhance reaction and can detect weaker antigen/antibody.

Question 69

What are the two steps in ABO grouping?

Answer 69

Cell grouping (Forward grouping) and Serum grouping (Reverse grouping).

Question 70

What does cell grouping (Forward grouping) test?

Answer 70

Tests the patient's red cells with known Anti-A & Anti-B to determine the antigen expressed.

Question 71

What does serum grouping (Reverse grouping) test?

Answer 71

Tests the patient's serum with known A & B cells to determine the presence of antibody.

Question 73

What is the Microplate Method ideal for?

Answer 73

It is ideal for testing a large number of blood samples.

Question 74

How sensitive is the Microplate Method?

Answer 74

More sensitive to detect weaker antigen-antibody reactions.

Question 75

What can be done with the results of the Microplate Method?

Answer 75

Results can be photographed for archival storage.

Question 76

What processes can be performed on microplates?

Answer 76

Microplates can be incubated and centrifuged.

Question 77

What are the benefits of using the Microplate Method?

Answer 77

There is significant saving in time and in the cost of disposables and reagents.

Question 78

Are microplates disposable?

Answer 78

Microplates are intended to be disposable; however, they can be reused after cleaning them properly.

Question 79

What must be ensured when reusing microplates?

Answer 79

Make sure that all foreign proteins are removed.

Question 80

Can microplates be automated?

Answer 80

Microplates can be adapted for automation.