ccleeee finals

Question 1

_________ also known as ________ is a
fungal infection that affects the nails, most commonly
the toenails.

Answer 1

Tinea unguium, onychomycosis,

Question 2

The most frequent cause of onychomycosis is (TrTmEf)

Answer 2

Trichophyton Rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum.

Question 3

It frequently causes infections in human sin, nails, and hair.

Answer 3

Trichophyton rubrum

Question 4

This organism feeds on keratin, a protein found in the outer layer of these tissues, and is linked to conditions such as athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and fungal nail infections.

Answer 4

Trichophyton rubrum

Question 5

Morphological features of Tr (WPCTM)

Answer 5

○ White to cream-colored colonies
○ Powdery texture
○ Cherry-red reverse
○ Teardrop or peg-shaped microconidia
○ Macroconidia, if produced by some isolates, are narrowly club-shaped, thin, and smooth-walled with 3-8 septa

Question 6

Excessive thickening of the skin under the nail and separation of the bed from its nail

Answer 6

Hyperkeratosis and Onycholysis

Question 7

This indicates a secondary bacterial
infection or localized inflammation,
likely due to the chronic irritation
caused by the fungal infection.

Answer 7

Mild erythema and swelling around the affected nails

Question 8

causes poor venous return, leading to fluid accumulation in the limb.

Answer 8

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Question 9

Diabetes mellitus contributes significantly to the severity of mechanisms:

Answer 9

1. Weakened Immune System
2. Poor Circulation
3. Neuropathy
4. Elevated Blood Sugar Levels
5. Microangiopathy and Hypoxia

Question 10

Inflammatory nail disease causing rough, brittle, or shiny pitted nails, often linked to alopecia areata and psoriasis.

Answer 10

Trachyonychia

Question 11

Nail detachment from the bed
due to trauma, infection, or psoriasis.

Answer 11

Onycholysis

Question 12

______ causes a linear border, while ______ create jagged edges.

Answer 12

Trauma, fungal infections

Question 13

Complete nail shedding from temporary matrix arrest, triggered by infections, trauma, or chemotherapy.

Answer 13

Onychomadesis

Question 14

Nail grows into the skin, causing pain and infection, often due to trauma, poor footwear, or improper trimming.

Answer 14

Onychocryptosis (Ingrown Nail)

Question 15

Common nail cancer mimicking
fungal infections, linked to sun exposure, HPV, and trauma, presenting with tumors, onycholysis, and ulceration.

Answer 15

Nail SCC

Question 16

Aggressive cancer appearing as a thick, dark band with nail fold pigmentation (Hutchinson’s sign),

Answer 16

Nail Melanoma

Question 17

Identifies fungal hyphae in
nail scrapings.

Answer 17

KOH Preparation

Question 18

Determines the specific fungal species.

Answer 18

Fungal Culture

Question 19

Confirms fungal invasion in nail tissue.

Answer 19

Histopathology with PAS Stain

Question 20

Provides highly sensitive and specific identification of fungal species

Answer 20

PCR or Molecular Testing

Question 21

The first line treatment and it is an allylamine antifungal agent that is the most effective against dermatophytes.

Answer 21

TERBINAFINE

Question 22

is a newer triazole medication with a broad antifungal spectrum that includes dermatophytes.

Answer 22

ITRACONAZOLE

Question 23

is active against common
dermatophytes, Candida species and some nondermatophytic molds.

Answer 23

FLUCONAZOLE

Question 24

topical triazole antifungal solution used to treat mild to moderate toenail onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails)

Answer 24

EFINACONAZOLE

Question 25

is a type of blood thinner that helps prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.

Answer 25

Warfarin (Vitamin K antagonist)

Question 26

A group of blood thinner that helps to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger without the need for INR monitoring.

Answer 26

Direct Oral Anticoagulants (Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban)

Question 27

refers to the rapid, clonal proliferation in the bone marrow of lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells known as lymphoblasts and myeloblasts, respectively.

Answer 27

Acute Leukemia

Question 28

The proliferation of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow disrupts normal hematopoiesis, leading to decreased production of RBCs.

Answer 28

Bone Marrow Infiltration

Question 29

The overcrowding of the bone marrow by malignant cells suppresses the development of erythroid precursors, resulting in anemia.

Answer 29

Suppression of Erythropoiesis

Question 30

This test counts the number of cells and identifies types of cells in the blood

Answer 30

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

Question 31

Observe the structure of blood cells under a microscope to identify any unusual or immature white blood cells (blasts), which are indicative of leukemia.

Answer 31

PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR

Question 32

Assesses blood clotting ability.

Answer 32

COAGULATION TESTING

Question 33

Analyze the bone marrow, the source of leukemia, to evaluate the proportion of abnormal blood cells (blasts), helping to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific type of leukemia.

Answer 33

BONE MARROW ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY

Question 34

It determines the origin of ALL

Answer 34

FLOW CYTOMETRY

Question 35

is a medical examination of a body after death to find the cause and sometimes manner of death

Answer 35

autopsy

Question 36

was performed by a hospital pathologist in cases of natural death to find and better understand the cause of death

Answer 36

Clinical Autopsy

Question 37

This type of autopsy is necessary when a death is unnatural, suspicious, unknown, violent, related to industrial hazards, and associated with medical or surgical treatment in which there’s alleged medical negligence.

Answer 37

Forensic Autopsy

Question 38

is a systemic examination of biological specimens obtained during the postmortem process in order to detect, identify, and quantify various chemical substances such as drugs, poisons, and toxins that may have contributed to death

Answer 38

Toxicological analysis

Question 39

Originate from the external environment; introduced into the body through ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, or injection

Answer 39

Exogenous toxins

Question 40

Produced internally, often as part of normal metabolic processes or as by-products of pathological conditions, and may accumulate to toxic levels under certain circumstances

Answer 40

Endogenous toxins

Question 41

Widely employed for its precision in separating and identifying volatile compounds, ensuring a reliable detection of drugs and poisons in postmortem samples.

Answer 41

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Question 42

An advanced spectroscopic technique, that complements the other methods, by providing rapid screening and confirmation of the chemical composition of contraband substances.

Answer 42

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Question 43

An emerging approach that has demonstrated high sensitivity and speed in detecting narcotic drugs like Tramadol in both seized samples and biological fluids, thereby enhancing routine forensic examinations

Answer 43

Gas Chromatography Infrared Spectroscopy

Question 44

Has also revolutionized the field by enabling direct analysis of glucuronidated metabolites without the need for extensive sample pre treatment, thus reducing the risk of false negatives that may occur during enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 44

Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Question 45

is a highly potent synthetic opioid that is widely used in the clinical setting for analgesia, anesthesia, and sedation due to its rapid onset of action and high lipid solubility, yet its toxicity presents significant challenges in both medical and illicit contexts.

Answer 45

Fentanyl