Cellular Adaptations and Cell Damage Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Cellular Adaptations and Cell Damage Deck (18)
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1
Q

What proliferative capacity do cells have?

A

Labile - continuous division
Stable - some division
Permanent - almost no division

2
Q

Name 3 ways cells can adapt to stress

A

Change:

  • Cell number
  • Cell size
  • Cell type
3
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells within a tissue

Cells must be stable or labile (not permanent)

4
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological (normal) Hyperplasia

A

Hormonal - Endometrium

Compensatory - proliferation after hepatectomy

5
Q

Give 2 causes of pathological Hyperplasia

A

Excessive hormone/growth factor stimulation
Chronic irritation

May occur alongside hypertrophy
Some increased risk of tumour development

6
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size
Common when permanent cells have increased demands
More cellular structural proteins produced (not just cell swelling)

7
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological (normal) Hypertrophy

A

Increased functional demand - Mechanical and skeletal muscle

Hormonal/ growth factor - Uterine muscle in pregnancy

8
Q

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy

A

Cardiac muscle:

Left ventricle primarily in Hypertension, Aortic stenosis

9
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Shrinkage in cell size by loss of cell substance

10
Q

What are some causes of Atrophy?

A
Reduced workload
Loss of nerve supply
Reduced blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Ageing
11
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change from one adult cell type to another adult cell type

12
Q

Give an example of physiological (normal) metaplasia

A

Glandular to squamous epithelium in the pubertal cervix

13
Q

Give an example of pathological metaplasia

A

Squamous to glandular in reflux oesophagitis i.e. Barrett’s

14
Q

Define dysplasia

A
Premalignant condition
Increased cell growth
Cellular atypia
Altered differentiation
Can range from mild to severe
Sites: Cervix, Bladder, Stomach/oesophagus
15
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells which persists after initiating stimulus has been removed
(Cell growth has escaped from normal regulatory mechanisms)
Can be benign/malignant

16
Q

Outline the 6 noxious stimuli and give an example of a clinical manifestation for each

A

Oxygen deprivation - Ischaemia
Chemical - retinopathy in premature babies
Infections - (literally any infective agent)
Physical - frostbite
Immune - anaphylaxis
Nutritional insufficiency - Marasmus (malnourishment in children)

17
Q

Outline the mechanisms that initiate cell death.

A
Depletion of ATP
Mitochondrial Damage
Loss of Ca+ Homeostasis
Oxidative stress (ROS)
Free Radicals (UV light)
Defects in Membrane Permeability
18
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Necrosis - ALWAYS PATHOLOGICAL

Apoptosis - Can be pathological or physiological (normal)