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Integrated clinical studies > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

main lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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2
Q

end nearest the brain stem

A

caudal or dorsal

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3
Q

end nearest the frontal lobe

A

rostral or ventral

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4
Q

function of the frontal lobe

A

located at the front of the brain nd associated wit reasoning, motor skills and high level cognition and expressive language

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5
Q

when the frontal lobe is damaged

A

lead to changes in sexual habits, socialisation and increased risk taking

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6
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

between frontal and occipital and on top of temporal

- associated with processing tactile sensory info such as pressure touch and pain

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7
Q

when the parietal lobe is damaged

A

problems with verbal memory; an impaired ability to control eye gaze and problems with languag

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8
Q

occipital function

A

located at the back ( caudal) .

associated with interpreting visual stimuli and info. The primary visual cortex located in this lobe.

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9
Q

when the occipital lobe is damaged

A

visual problems, such as recognising objects, an inability to identify colours and trouble recognising words

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10
Q

temporal function

A

location of primary AVAITORY CORTEX which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear. Hippocampus is also located here and is associated with the formation of memories

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11
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination and balance e.g. walking and posture

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12
Q

medulla oblongata

A

helps regulate breathing, heart rate and blood vessel function, digesting, sneezing and swallowing

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the release of the 8 major hormones

  • controls body temp
  • controls food and water intake
  • sexual behaviour and reproduction
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14
Q

pituitary

A
  • endocronic- releases hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands
  • anterior and posterior
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15
Q

pons

A

control of breathing and communication b/w diff parts of the brain and sensations such as hearing, taste and balance

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16
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary motor control, procedural learning and eye movement
-also emotional and cognitive function

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17
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memory

spatial navigation

18
Q

amygdala

A

detects fear and prepares for emergency events

19
Q

7 main regions of CNS

A

spinal cord, medulla, the pons, cerebellum, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebral hemisphere

20
Q

parts of the brain responsible for higher functions

A

e.g. temporal lobe- emotional reaction and understanding language

frontal lobe- decision making

21
Q

lobes responsible for memories

A

frontal- (prefrontal cortex)- processes long and short term memories
temporal- integrates senses of smell and sound and vision–> needed form long term memories

22
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

LTP is an increase in efficacy of synapses with repetitive stimulation- therefore increasing synaptic transmission. New synapses will form by splitting pre-existing ones. First discovered to occur in the hippocapmus

23
Q

mechanism of LTP

A

weak stimulation of the presynaptic neurone will cause the release f the NT Glutamate. The glutamate will bind to both AMPA (inotropic) and NMDA (metabotropic) receptors. However at weak stimulation glutamate will only activate AMPA receptors. This will only cause slight depolarisation. Therefore v.few ions will flow through NMDA channels since they were blocked with Mg2+. If the stimulation is larger than AMDA receptors can depolarise the membrane sufficiently to expel the Mg2+ from the pore. Therefore glutamate will now be able to flow through the NMDA. Ca2+ will also flow through the open NMDA receptor.

24
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of a membrane to change its permeability

25
Q

what effect does Ca2+ have on the post synaptic men.

A

acts as a second messenger and activates a signalling cascade.

1) some Ca2+ will bind to calmodulin and this activates several protein kinases including calcium/calmodulin dependent kinases.
2) Ca2+ also facilities the release of NT from presynaptic axon terminal via retrograde signals, such as NO

26
Q

CAMkinase effects the AMPA receptors in 2 ways

A

1) phosphorylates AMDA and this increases their conduction to sodium ions
2) CAMK2 promotes the movement of AMPA receptors from intracellular stores into the membrane- therefore more receptors available

27
Q

result of having more AMPA receptors

A

the response to a stimulus of a given strength will be stronger than it was before NMDA receptors were activated

28
Q

two cognition enhancing drugs

A

adderall and modafinil

all amphetamines work to increase dopaminergic transmission and therefore has a v similar effect on ACh

29
Q

types of NT in the CNS- 6

A 
ACH
peptides
amino acids
biogenic amines
purines
gases and liquids
30
Q

ACH receptors in CNS

A

nicotinic-inotropic

muscarinic- metabotropic

31
Q

role of ACH nicotinic receptors

A

1) presynaptic and pre terminal receptors enhance nt release
2) postsynaptic receptors mediate a small minority of fast excitatory transmission

some have a role in synaptic plasticity

therefore they are important modulators if neuronal excitability.

32
Q

what causes myelination in CNS neurones

A

glial cells called oligodendrites

33
Q

why are not all neurones in the CNS myelinated

A

sometimes saltatory conduction just isn’t needed due to the neuronal distance being so short

-also some neurones are responsible for dull, long lasting pain- therefore no benefit to having it transmitted quickly

34
Q

which enzyme synthesises ACH and which breaks it down

A

acetyl cholinetransferase

acetyl cholinesterase

35
Q

side effect of cognition enhancing drugs

A 
organ damage
seizures
addiction
psychotic behaviour
malnutrition
36
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a dynamic interact which separates the brain from the circulatory system and therefore protects the CNS from potentially harmful chemicals
-formed by a highly specialised endothelial cells that line the brain capillaries and transduce signals from the vascular system and the brain

37
Q

what keep the endothelial cells tight together

A

tight junctions–> regulated by cytoplasmic proteins–> keeps the integrity of the barrie

38
Q

role of pericytes in BBB

A

maintains tight junctions and has contractile properties

39
Q

role of astrocytes (glial cells)

A

maintenance of BBB

40
Q

why is the capillary highly selective

A

only permeable to molecules like nutrients that won’t damage the brain

allows waste products, hormones or excess NT to leave the brain

few drugs will pass the barrier

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Integrated clinical studies (23 decks)

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