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respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

peak flow

A

a person’s maximum speed of expiration measured with a peak flow meter

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2
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest

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3
Q

average tidal vol

A

500ml

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4
Q

vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

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5
Q

ventilation rate

A

the amount of air inhaled in a specific time period

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6
Q

VO2 max

A

the maximum or optimum rate at which the heart, lungs and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise, used as a way of measuring a person’s individual aerobic capacity

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7
Q

O2 dissociation curve

A

a curved determined by plotting on a graph the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood as the abscissa and the percentage of haemoglobin combined with oxygen in the form of oxyhemglobins as the ordinate

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8
Q

bohr shift

A

haemoglobin oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and to the conc of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

typical vent rate

A

12-20 breaths per minute at rest

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10
Q

vital capacity

A

adults 3-4 litres

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11
Q

inhalation mechanics

A

when we inhale the intercostal and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity. The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage up and out.

This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from outside rushes into the lungs to equalise the pressures

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12
Q

exhalation mechanics

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs

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13
Q

cell resp formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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14
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the

A

alveoli

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15
Q

oxygen is carried by the ….. to the body tissue

A

blod

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16
Q

specialised structures of the alveoli

A
  • walls are thin
  • large surface area to vol ratio
  • fluid lined enabling gases to dissolve
  • many capillaries
  • blood in capillaries do not flow too quickly yo allow maximum diffusion of gases
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17
Q

blood shunting

A

a pulmonary shunt is a physiological condition which results when the alveoli of the lungs are perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation fails to supply the perfused region. Ventilation/ perfusion ratio is zero

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18
Q

ventilation/ perfusion ratio

A

ratio of air reaching alveoli to blood perfusing them

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19
Q

blood perfusion

A

the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue

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20
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

pulmonary arteries constrict in the presence of hypoxia , without hypercapnia blood flow is redirected to alveoli with a higher oxygen content c

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21
Q

constriction and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

constriction leads to redistribution of blood flow to better ventilated areas of the lung, which increases the total area involved in gaseous exchange

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22
Q

what does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction improve

A

ventilation/perfusion ratio and artery oxygenation- less helpful with long term- whole body hypoxia

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23
Q

what is the process of red blood cell production called

A

erythropoiesis

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24
Q

how long do stem cells take to become mature erythrocytes

A

7 days

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25
mature erythrocytes live in blood circulation for about
100-120 days
26
erythropoietin
a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, which stimulates erythropoiesis
27
erythrocytes differentiate from
erythrotopietic bone marrow cells (hemopoeitic stem cell) found in red bone marrow
28
liver is the main site of
RBC production
29
what causes erythropoietin to be released
hypoxia
30
following eryptosis
haemoglobin content of cell is broken down and recirculated throughout the body -broken down into iron ions and a green bile pigment, bilirubin which is released into the plasma and recicurculated to the liver, then bound to albumin and stored in gallbladder (bile)
31
bilirubin
a green bile pigment
32
haematopoietic stem cells
found in bone marrow of adults forming blood cells
33
diff between haemotopoietic stem cells and progenitor stem cells
progenitor cells can only divide qa number of time
34
EPO is released by the kidneys in response to
hypoxia- not enough oxygen in blood suggesting that new red blood cells have to be produced to cater for oxygen supply from the air therefore when EPO is released hematopoietic and progenitor cells are stimulated to mature into RBCs
35
short term production of red blood cells is controlled by
EPO
36
hypercapnia
CO2 retention, elevated CO@ levels in the blood
37
Hypocapnia
a state of reduced CO2 in the blood--> usually results from deep or rapid breathing (hyperventilation
38
when there is reduced levels of CO2 in the blood, the body reacts by
increasing tidal volume and ventilation rate-> to inhale more oxygen
39
when there is reduced haemoglobin the body responds by
increasing tidal volume and ventilation rate | -due to haemoglobin needing to be as saturated as possible
40
adaptations of the respiratory system at high altitude
- additinal red blood ells asn capillaries are produced to carry more oxygen and CO2 due to EPO secretion by the kidneys - lungs increase in size to facilitate the osmosis of O2 and Co2 - increase in vascular network of muscles which enhances the transfer of gases
41
breathing rate regulation
controlled by the medulla oblongata
42
inspiration occurs due to
increased firing of inspiratory nerves and so increases recruitment of motor until within the intercostals and diaphragm
43
exhalation occurs due to
a sudden stoop in impulses along the inspiration nerves
44
breathing rate is controlled by
chemoreceptors in the main arteries measuring levels of oxygen and CO2
45
increased H+ conc in the blood (due to too much CO2)
increases ventilation rate (also occurs when lactic acid is produced during exercise)
46
tissues and their cells in the trachea
``` cartilage tracheal muscle mucosa- cili and goblet cells submucosa- seromucous glands blood vessels to warm cold air ```
47
tissues and their cells in the bronchi
``` ciliated columnar cells smooth muscle controls air flow tertiary have less cartilage very few goblet cells folded epithelium ```
48
tissues and their cells in the bronchioles
``` no goblet cells no cartilage no glands smooth muscle some Clara cells Citrated cuboidal epithelium ```
49
tissues and their cells in the
``` 95% type 1 oncocytes 5% type 2 thin basement membrane Pores of Kohn Macrophages surfactant ```
50
pore of Kohn
holes in walls of adjacent alveoli
51
Clara cells
dome shaped cells with short microvilli, found in small airway of he lungs--> found in the ciliated simple epithelium
52
ciliated epithelium contain
Ciliated epithelium contains goblet cells, which secrete mucous.
53
carina
ridge where the trachea separates into bronchi
54
tracheal bifurication
ridge of cartilage in the trachea (carina) that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi
55
3 layers of intercostal muscle
external intercostal internal intercosta inner most intercostal muscle
56
most powerful respiratory muscle
diaphragm
57
less powerful intercostal
intercostal
58
accessory msucles
neck muscles- used in extreme distress
59
all respiratory muscles are..
skeletal and not smooth
60
smooth muscle
involuntary, non striated --> function in contraction of internal organs e.g. stomach. slow but sustained. spinal shaped muscle, cells are uninucleate
61
skeletal muscle
rapid contraction but tire quickly, striated, cells are multinucleate, attached to bone via tendon, body movement
62
Pleura
the pleural cavity is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (visceral and parietal) of each lung. A pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac.
63
parietal pleura
thoracic cavity
64
visceral pleura
lines lungs
65
pleural cavity
between parietal and visceral pleura --> separates cavities
66
2 factors to overcome whilst breathing
resistance and compliance
67
resistance
resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration --> affected by diameter of the airways
68
compliance
measure of the lungs ability to stretch and expand
69
low compliance
fibrosis
70
high compliance
emphysema
71
resistance is predominately an
expiratory problem and increases respiration rate
72
pneumothorax
pleural seal broken. Negative pressure cannot be generated causing bad ventilation--> lungs collapse --> elastic recoil of alveoli
73
atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
74
order of pleura
parietal on outside of lung cavity, pleural cavity in-between ribs and lungs, visceral- surrounds the lungs
75
intrapulmonary pressure
within the lungs- 760
76
intraplural pressure
pleaural cavity -756
77
transpulmnary pressure
760-756= 4 mm Hg
78
transpluaral pressure
pressure across wal of an organ--> Pip= atm
79
Boyles law
pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship--> top is held constant as volume decreases, pressure increases
80
cervical pleura extends
2.5cm above clavicle
81
lower pleura
below 12th rib margin posteriorly

Integrated clinical studies (23 decks)

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