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Integrated clinical studies > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

peak flow

A

a person’s maximum speed of expiration measured with a peak flow meter

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2
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest

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3
Q

average tidal vol

A

500ml

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4
Q

vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

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5
Q

ventilation rate

A

the amount of air inhaled in a specific time period

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6
Q

VO2 max

A

the maximum or optimum rate at which the heart, lungs and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise, used as a way of measuring a person’s individual aerobic capacity

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7
Q

O2 dissociation curve

A

a curved determined by plotting on a graph the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood as the abscissa and the percentage of haemoglobin combined with oxygen in the form of oxyhemglobins as the ordinate

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8
Q

bohr shift

A

haemoglobin oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and to the conc of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

typical vent rate

A

12-20 breaths per minute at rest

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10
Q

vital capacity

A

adults 3-4 litres

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11
Q

inhalation mechanics

A

when we inhale the intercostal and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity. The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage up and out.

This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from outside rushes into the lungs to equalise the pressures

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12
Q

exhalation mechanics

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs

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13
Q

cell resp formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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14
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the

A

alveoli

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15
Q

oxygen is carried by the ….. to the body tissue

A

blod

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16
Q

specialised structures of the alveoli

A
  • walls are thin
  • large surface area to vol ratio
  • fluid lined enabling gases to dissolve
  • many capillaries
  • blood in capillaries do not flow too quickly yo allow maximum diffusion of gases
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17
Q

blood shunting

A

a pulmonary shunt is a physiological condition which results when the alveoli of the lungs are perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation fails to supply the perfused region. Ventilation/ perfusion ratio is zero

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18
Q

ventilation/ perfusion ratio

A

ratio of air reaching alveoli to blood perfusing them

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19
Q

blood perfusion

A

the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue

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20
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

pulmonary arteries constrict in the presence of hypoxia , without hypercapnia blood flow is redirected to alveoli with a higher oxygen content c

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21
Q

constriction and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

constriction leads to redistribution of blood flow to better ventilated areas of the lung, which increases the total area involved in gaseous exchange

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22
Q

what does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction improve

A

ventilation/perfusion ratio and artery oxygenation- less helpful with long term- whole body hypoxia

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23
Q

what is the process of red blood cell production called

A

erythropoiesis

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24
Q

how long do stem cells take to become mature erythrocytes

A

7 days

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25
Q

mature erythrocytes live in blood circulation for about

A

100-120 days

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26
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, which stimulates erythropoiesis

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27
Q

erythrocytes differentiate from

A

erythrotopietic bone marrow cells (hemopoeitic stem cell) found in red bone marrow

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28
Q

liver is the main site of

A

RBC production

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29
Q

what causes erythropoietin to be released

A

hypoxia

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30
Q

following eryptosis

A

haemoglobin content of cell is broken down and recirculated throughout the body
-broken down into iron ions and a green bile pigment, bilirubin which is released into the plasma and recicurculated to the liver, then bound to albumin and stored in gallbladder (bile)

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31
Q

bilirubin

A

a green bile pigment

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32
Q

haematopoietic stem cells

A

found in bone marrow of adults forming blood cells

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33
Q

diff between haemotopoietic stem cells and progenitor stem cells

A

progenitor cells can only divide qa number of time

34
Q

EPO is released by the kidneys in response to

A

hypoxia- not enough oxygen in blood suggesting that new red blood cells have to be produced to cater for oxygen supply from the air

therefore when EPO is released hematopoietic and progenitor cells are stimulated to mature into RBCs

35
Q

short term production of red blood cells is controlled by

A

EPO

36
Q

hypercapnia

A

CO2 retention, elevated CO@ levels in the blood

37
Q

Hypocapnia

A

a state of reduced CO2 in the blood–> usually results from deep or rapid breathing (hyperventilation

38
Q

when there is reduced levels of CO2 in the blood, the body reacts by

A

increasing tidal volume and ventilation rate-> to inhale more oxygen

39
Q

when there is reduced haemoglobin the body responds by

A

increasing tidal volume and ventilation rate

-due to haemoglobin needing to be as saturated as possible

40
Q

adaptations of the respiratory system at high altitude

A
  • additinal red blood ells asn capillaries are produced to carry more oxygen and CO2 due to EPO secretion by the kidneys
  • lungs increase in size to facilitate the osmosis of O2 and Co2
  • increase in vascular network of muscles which enhances the transfer of gases
41
Q

breathing rate regulation

A

controlled by the medulla oblongata

42
Q

inspiration occurs due to

A

increased firing of inspiratory nerves and so increases recruitment of motor until within the intercostals and diaphragm

43
Q

exhalation occurs due to

A

a sudden stoop in impulses along the inspiration nerves

44
Q

breathing rate is controlled by

A

chemoreceptors in the main arteries measuring levels of oxygen and CO2

45
Q

increased H+ conc in the blood (due to too much CO2)

A

increases ventilation rate (also occurs when lactic acid is produced during exercise)

46
Q

tissues and their cells in the trachea

A 
cartilage
tracheal muscle
mucosa- cili and goblet cells
submucosa- seromucous glands 
blood vessels to warm cold air
47
Q

tissues and their cells in the bronchi

A 
ciliated columnar cells
smooth muscle controls air flow
tertiary have less cartilage
very few goblet cells
folded epithelium
48
Q

tissues and their cells in the bronchioles

A 
no goblet cells
no cartilage
no glands
smooth muscle
some Clara cells
Citrated cuboidal epithelium
49
Q

tissues and their cells in the

A 
95% type 1 oncocytes
5% type 2
thin basement membrane
Pores of Kohn
Macrophages
surfactant
50
Q

pore of Kohn

A

holes in walls of adjacent alveoli

51
Q

Clara cells

A

dome shaped cells with short microvilli, found in small airway of he lungs–> found in the ciliated simple epithelium

52
Q

ciliated epithelium contain

A

Ciliated epithelium contains goblet cells, which secrete mucous.

53
Q

carina

A

ridge where the trachea separates into bronchi

54
Q

tracheal bifurication

A

ridge of cartilage in the trachea (carina) that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi

55
Q

3 layers of intercostal muscle

A

external intercostal
internal intercosta
inner most intercostal muscle

56
Q

most powerful respiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

57
Q

less powerful intercostal

A

intercostal

58
Q

accessory msucles

A

neck muscles- used in extreme distress

59
Q

all respiratory muscles are..

A

skeletal and not smooth

60
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, non striated –> function in contraction of internal organs e.g. stomach. slow but sustained. spinal shaped muscle, cells are uninucleate

61
Q

skeletal muscle

A

rapid contraction but tire quickly, striated, cells are multinucleate, attached to bone via tendon, body movement

62
Q

Pleura

A

the pleural cavity is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (visceral and parietal) of each lung. A pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac.

63
Q

parietal pleura

A

thoracic cavity

64
Q

visceral pleura

A

lines lungs

65
Q

pleural cavity

A

between parietal and visceral pleura –> separates cavities

66
Q

2 factors to overcome whilst breathing

A

resistance and compliance

67
Q

resistance

A

resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration
–> affected by diameter of the airways

68
Q

compliance

A

measure of the lungs ability to stretch and expand

69
Q

low compliance

A

fibrosis

70
Q

high compliance

A

emphysema

71
Q

resistance is predominately an

A

expiratory problem and increases respiration rate

72
Q

pneumothorax

A

pleural seal broken. Negative pressure cannot be generated causing bad ventilation–> lungs collapse –> elastic recoil of alveoli

73
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

760 mm Hg

74
Q

order of pleura

A

parietal on outside of lung cavity, pleural cavity in-between ribs and lungs, visceral- surrounds the lungs

75
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

within the lungs- 760

76
Q

intraplural pressure

A

pleaural cavity -756

77
Q

transpulmnary pressure

A

760-756= 4 mm Hg

78
Q

transpluaral pressure

A

pressure across wal of an organ–> Pip= atm

79
Q

Boyles law

A

pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship–> top is held constant

as volume decreases, pressure increases

80
Q

cervical pleura extends

A

2.5cm above clavicle

81
Q

lower pleura

A

below 12th rib margin posteriorly

Integrated clinical studies (23 decks)

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