LEARN

Question 1

as EDV increases

Answer 1

cardiac perfomance increases:

• longer muscle
• more cross-bridges formed
• stronger contraction

Question 2

as ESV increases

Answer 2

decrease in cardiac performance due to a decrease in cardiac output

Question 3

venous return

Answer 3

rate of blood flow back to the heart

Question 4

ejection fraction

Answer 4

=sv/edv

between 55-75%

Question 5

left coronary artery divides into

Answer 5

circumflex artery and the left anterior artery

Question 6

circumflex artery

Answer 6

back and top portion of the heart

Question 7

left anterior artery

Answer 7

left ventricle - septum

Question 8

coronary veins

Answer 8

takes oxygen poor blood back to the right atrium –> already used by the heart

Question 9

angiotensin 2

Answer 9

causes vasoconstriction (increasing TPR) as well as increasing water retension

Question 10

blood pressurw

Answer 10

CO x TPR

Question 11

TPR

Answer 11

total peripheral resistance

Question 12

RAAS

Answer 12

stimulates feelings of thirst

Question 13

blood pressure

Answer 13

120/80

Question 14

heart rate

Answer 14

60-100

Question 15

ventricle muscle

Answer 15

trabecular carnage

Question 16

cardiac muscle

Answer 16

heart

Question 17

skeletal

Answer 17

lungs

Question 18

smooth

Answer 18

GI

Question 19

peak flow

Answer 19

persons maximum speed of expiration measured using a peak flow meter

Question 20

vital capacity

Answer 20

maximum vol of air which can be expelled form the lungs, when deepest breath take (304 litres)

Question 21

VO2 max

Answer 21

max rate at which heart, lungs and muscles effectivey use oxygen during exercise

Question 22

BOHR shift occurs

Answer 22

presence of CO2

Question 23

ventilation rate

Answer 23

12-20 breaths a min

Question 24

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Answer 24

areas of the lungs which are oxygen deficient will vasoconstrict- forcing more blood to areas of the lung which are rich in oxygen –> more efficient–> improves ventlation/perfusion ratio

Question 25

2 cells which form red blood cells:

Answer 25

haematopoietic stems cells and progenitor stem cells

Question 26

pressure in pleural cavity

Answer 26

pressure slightly less than atmospheric --> means alveoli are inflated

Question 27

ppneumothorax

Answer 27

puncture in the pleura and air being introduced into the cavity- cause lung to collapse due to negative pressure not being generated

Question 28

resistance

Answer 28

diameter of airway --> expiratory problem

Question 29

compliance

Answer 29

lungs ability to stretch and expand

Question 30

low compliance

Answer 30

fibrosis

Question 31

high compliance

Answer 31

emphysema

Question 32

atmospheric pressure

Answer 32

760

Question 33

intrapulmonary pressure -within the lungs

Answer 33

760

Question 34

intrapleural pressure

Answer 34

756

Question 35

transpulmonary pressur

Answer 35

760-756= 5 mmHg

Question 36

complement mannon-binding

Answer 36

1) mast cell activation 2) opsonisation 3) chemotaxis

Question 37

antibodies and viruses

Answer 37

1) bind and neutralise | 2) draw NK cells to virally infected cells

Question 38

leucoytes

Answer 38

a white blood cells: lymphocyte, granulocytes, monocyte

Question 39

which cells carry out phagocytosis

Answer 39

macrophages neutrophils dendritic

Question 40

C reactive protein

Answer 40

produced by the liver, a key marker for assessing inflammation and treatment progression

Question 41

classical pathway activated by

Answer 41

antigen-antibody complexes activating C1

Question 42

MB lectin pathway activated by

Answer 42

lectin binding to mannose on the pathogen surface

Question 43

alternative pathway activated by

Answer 43

pathogen surgaves

Question 44

PAMPs

Answer 44

pathogen associated molecule pattern | -recognised by pattern recognition receptors of the INNATE immune system

Question 45

IgA

Answer 45

milk--> specialised for defending body surfaces. also found in tears

Question 46

IgG

Answer 46

placental transfer 1) neutralisation of microbes and toxins 2) opsonisation of antigens 3) activate of classical pathway

Question 47

IgM

Answer 47

activation of classical pathway

Question 48

IgE

Answer 48

parasites (helminths)

Question 49

types of vaccine

Answer 49

1) whole dead or attenuated 2) parts of the pathogen 3) DNA coding for part of the organism

Question 50

main cells found in the lymph

Answer 50

lymphocytes

Question 51

lymphocytes

Answer 51

1) NK 2) cytotoxic 3) T cells 4) B cells

Question 52

CD 4T cells

Answer 52

T helper cells - Th1 -activate cytotoxic and NK cells - Th2 -B cells to plasma cells

Question 53

IL-17

Answer 53

fungi, bacteria and organ specific autoimmune disease

Question 54

innate cells (No! Mary Bought More Evil Devils)

Answer 54

neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage, basophil, mast, eoinsophil , dendritic

Question 55

adaptive

Answer 55

lymphoid cells e.g. NK, cytotoxic and B cells

Question 56

cells that are in both innate and adaptive system

Answer 56

dendritic

Question 57

myeloid precursor

Answer 57

innate

Question 58

lymphoid precursor

Answer 58

adaptive

Question 59

role of monocyte/ macrophages

Answer 59

phagocytosis antigen presentation cytokine production

Question 60

eoinsophils

Answer 60

inflammatory respons

Question 61

basophil

Answer 61

contains histamine - promotes blood flow to tissue and contains heparin --> prevents blood clotting