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Integrated clinical studies > Developmental signalling > Flashcards

Developmental signalling Flashcards

1
Q

what does GPCR stand for

A

G-protein couples receptor

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2
Q

structure of a G -protein

A

7 transmembrane that winds back and fourth

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3
Q

GPCR are heterotrimeric

A

therefore three diff subunits, a, B and Y

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4
Q

a when bound to GDP

A

inactive

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5
Q

a when bound to GTP

A

active

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6
Q

activity in G-protein resides in…

A

a subunit

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7
Q

what breaks GTP back down to GDP

A

GTPase

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8
Q

when a ligand attaches to GPCR ….

A

second messengers to become active

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9
Q

Process of how a GPCR activates second messengers

A

1) ligand attaches to receptor and causes a change in shape
2) G protein (a-unit) moves towards the receptor
3) change in shape of receptor causes change in shape of alpha unit
4) alpha unit releases GDP and GTP takes its place- therefore activated
5) alpha unit separates from beta and gamma units and attaches to the receptor
6) this alpha unit starts the facade reaction by activating second messengers
7) reaction stops when GTPase breaks down GTP back to GDP

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10
Q

what percentage of pharmaceuticals largest GPCR

A

40%

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11
Q

cAMP pathway

A

LH attaches to receptor on the outside of the cell. This causes the alpha unit to release GDP and gain GTP–> activated. The activated alpha unit goes into the cell and teaches to adenyl cycle which it activates. This causes a cascade effect and turns ATP into cAMP and 2Pi.

cAMP can be used by the cell in many diff ways

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12
Q

uses of cAMP

A

transcription factors
enzymes that convert glycogen to glucose
enzymes thta promote muscle contraction
PKA

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13
Q

stages of the cell cycle

A

m
G1
S
G2

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14
Q

when does DNA replication take place

A

s

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15
Q

when does mitosis occur

A

m

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16
Q

2 checkpoints

A

G2/M

G1/S

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17
Q

what protein helps mediate the cell cycle

A

cyclin–> discovered because it seemed to appear and disappear with the cycles of cell division.

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18
Q

cyclin

A

induces cell division when injected into non-dividing cells

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19
Q

example of cyclin with RB (retina plasma)

A

enzyme linked receptors gain their ligand (GF) and this sends a message to the nucleus. The nucleus releases cyclin D. CyclinD attaches to CDK in the cytoplasm and this causes the Rb/E2F complex to separate. As a complex E2F cannot enter the nucleus, therefor eat must be separated. E2F can now act as TF and cause the production of proteins like DNA polymerase needed for cell division.

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20
Q

why is it bad if you are born without the Rb gene

A

if one is not born with Rb gene, the E2F will instantly enter the nucleus and this will caws uncontrolled cell division.

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21
Q

adenyl cyclase

A

an enzyme which synthesises cAMP from ATP

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22
Q

cyclic AMP

A

a second messenger in many important processes, used for intracellular signal transduction

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23
Q

Protein kinase A

A

family of enzymes who’s activity is dependent on the levels of cAMP (cAMP dependent pathway)

24
Q

second messengers

A

are small, rapidly diffusible signalling intermediates

25
Q

AMP phosphodiesterase

A

enzymes which break phoshodiester bonds

26
Q

when lots of active adenylyl cyclase

A

high conc of cAMP

27
Q

when lists of AMP phosphodiesterase

A

low conc of cAMP

28
Q

kinases

A

add phosphates to things e.g. phosphorylates TF which cause a conformation change, therefore activated and can now promote transcription at particular sites of DNA

29
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol

-lipid soluble, therefore can pass csm

30
Q

where are receptors for steroids found

A

the cytoplasm e.g. testosterone two receptors wrap around steroid and this is called a dimer, which can now enter the nucleus

31
Q

Cell signalling can be

A

long or short (paracrine) response to an environmental change or a response to another signal

32
Q

types of receptors

A

steroid
g-protein coupled
ion channels
enzyme linked

33
Q

examples of peptides

A

hCG, LH and insulin

34
Q

example of steroid

A

testorsterone

35
Q

enzyme linked receptor signal transduction

A

1) VEGF binds to kinases on CSM
2) kinases cause the phosphorylation of 6 tyrosine molecules
3) these tyrosine then phosphorylate the GrB2 + SOS complex
4) then SOS catalyses the reaction which activates Ras molecule (binds it to GTP)
5) Ras causes a map cascade of phosphorylation
6) effector e.g. TF is phosphorylated
7) effector is now active and may enter the cells nucleus and cause translation of certain genes

36
Q

cell signal response can be

A
  1. change in protein activity: turn enzymes on/off or reorganise cytoskeletal proteins
  2. changes in production of proteins- turns genes for proteins on/pff
37
Q

endocrine

A

made and secreted from one organ and travels in the blood to target cells e.g. insulin

38
Q

paracrine

A

local signalling (VEGF)

39
Q

direct contact

A

with other cells directly eg. if a cell feels its adjacent cell tearing away from it

40
Q

synaptic signalling

A

NT in nervous system

41
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

can bee inotropic (fast e.g. at synapse) or metabotropic (slow

42
Q

what ligand used GPCRs

A

LH, FSH, adrenaline,vision control

43
Q

metabotropic

A

indirectly linked to ion channels

44
Q

what releases VEGF the most

A

growing rumours that need a better blood supply

45
Q

tyrosine kinase receptors

A

cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors e.g. VEGF

46
Q

why do tumour cells secrete VEGF

A

due to tumours growing faster than their blood supply–> hypoxia (lack of oxygen) tigers the release of VEGF for angiogenesis

Linked with cancers

47
Q

angiogenesis

A

the production of new blood vessels

48
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies are y shaped proteins produced by plasma cells to neutralise and identify pathogens

therefor monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are prodded by identical immune cells, that are all clones of a unique parent ce;;

49
Q

monovalent affinity

A

antibodies Y shape bind to the same epitome

50
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

growth of vessels

51
Q

what type of molecule is VEGF

A

a grown factor, which is a signalling protein that promotes angiogenesis

52
Q

what does VEGF bind to

A

tyrosine kinases- enzyme linked

53
Q

classes of g protein coupled receptors

A

G alpha S- increase the conc of cAMP
G alpha q - produces ca2+ and diacylglycerol which activates protein kinase c–> phosphorylates proteins
G alpha o/i- causes reduction in cAMP by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase

54
Q

why does phospholipase (protein kinase) cause the release of Ca2+

A

Ca2+ is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum –> binds to ligand of ion channel and allows ca2+ to flow out

55
Q

how does testosterone regulate its own production

A

-ve feedback to hypothalamus to reduce amount of GnRH, therefore less FSH and LH, therefore less testosterone produced by leydig cells

56
Q

which cells release testosterone

A

leydig cell

Integrated clinical studies (23 decks)

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