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Integrated clinical studies > more renal > Flashcards

more renal Flashcards

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1
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

caused by a failures of the kidneys to respond to ADH. Can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a result of genetic problem

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2
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

a rare condition where you produce large amounts of urine and feel thirsty

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3
Q

diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus includes

A

both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

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4
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

causes high blood glucose resulting from the boys inability to use blood glucose for energy §

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5
Q

2 cells of collecting duct

A

intercalated and principle cells

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6
Q

intercalated cells

A

alpha -H+ and beta- HCO3-

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7
Q

principle cells

A

ADH works on these cells- inserting aquaproins

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8
Q

what hormone that is related to blood cells is released by the kidneys

A

erythropoietin

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9
Q

erythropoietin

A

acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of RBC

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10
Q

what powers the reabsorption power of the principle cells

A

Na/K ATPase pump

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11
Q

what does the Na/K ATPase pump in the principle cells generate

A

a low intracellular Na+ and a high intracellular K+

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12
Q

how are H+ ions secreted from alpha intercalated cells

A

Via primary active transport.

Using a lumina H+ ATPase pump- H/K ATPase pump that actively reabsorbs K+ ions whilst secreting H+ ions

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13
Q

how does the H/K ATPase pump of the alpha intercalated cells work

A

by actively reabsorbingK+ ions whilst secreting H+ ions

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14
Q

ADH secreted from

A

posterior pituitary

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15
Q

osmolarity of renal medulla: Loop of Henle

A 
PCT: 300
Descending LoH: 400-600-900
Loop: 1,200
Ascending loop: 700--> 400--> 200
Distal: 100
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16
Q

osmolarity of collecting duct

A

at the top 300 and at the bottom 1200

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17
Q

osmolarity refers to

A

measure of solute concentration.

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18
Q

osmolarity of the vas recta

A

descending: 300–> 900
loop: 1,200
ascending: 300 –> 900

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19
Q

what hormone is released by proximal cells

A

calcitriol

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20
Q

calcitriol

A

calcitriol is a steroid hormone that has long been known for its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone

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21
Q

vasa recta

A

blood vessels surrounding the loop of henle

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22
Q

what controls BP

A

1) myogenic auto regulation
2) tubuloglomerulus feedback
3) neuronal regualtion

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23
Q

which cells are related to tubulglomerulus feedback

A

macula densa

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24
Q

typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

glucosuria and polyuria

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25
glucosuria
glucose in urine when not sufficiently reabsorbed
26
polyuria
excess urine production - not enough salts being reabsorbed- therefore less water to - p.pituitary secretes less ADH, therefore little water reabsorbed in collecting duct- decrease in aquaproins
27
the deeper down the loop of henle..
the more salty
28
filtrain membrane consists of
1) capillary endothelial fenestrations 2) gel-like basement membrane 3) slit diaphragms within filtration slits between the foot processes of podocytes
29
whats in the glomerular filtrate
water, glucose, amino acids, urea - like plasma
30
how much wine do you produce in a typical day?
typically, less than 2L/day - 98-99% of filtrate is reabsorbed
31
what diseases are likely if the GFR is took high
if too high filtrate passes through the tubules too quickly and cannot be reabsorbed -diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
32
a low GFR suggests
chronic renal failure
33
why is use of creatine less accurate than inline when calculating GFR
due to some being secreted and absorbed in the tubules
34
why is chronic renal failure deadly
1) waste products accumulate in blood 2) pH and electrolyte balance jeopardised 3) blood volume control impaired (hypertension and oedema)
35
if the macula dense cells monitor that filtered na+/flow rate increases, GFR is..
decreased
36
where are essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids and electrolytes reabsorbed
proximal tubule | -rleies on secondary active transport of Na+ (Na+/K+ ATPase pumps)
37
what secretion takes place in the proximal convoluted tubulues
H+ and organic ions (acid-base balance and waste)
38
water is reabsorbed... along the descending loop of henle
passively
39
Na+ is actively reabsorbed along the ..
ascending loop
40
which cotransporters pump Na+ out of ascending loop
Na+/K+/2Cl-
41
what powers the Na+/K+/2Cl- co transporter used to reabsorb Na+ in ascending loop
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
42
descending loop is permeable to
water but not solutes and leaves via osmosis
43
ascending limb is..
impermeable to water but not to solutes. Na and Cl exit via AT
44
where does further reabsorption of water take place
the collecting duct- ADH
45
higher conc of solutes at
both of tubule
46
diuresis
urine
47
antidiuresis
less urine
48
which cells monitor a fall in BP and GFR
juxtaglomerular cells- activate RAAS system
49
which other cells regulate GFR
macula dense but short term via tubuloglomerular
50
short term response to dehydration
ADH
51
long term response to decreased body fluid volume
RAAS
52
parathyroid hormone
Ca2+ reabsorption
53
if the K+ conc of the body is reduced by 1/3
paralysis due to nerves being unable to generate AP
54
if the Ca2+ conc of the body is reduced by half
titanic skeletal muscle contactions
55
hyponatramia
not enough Na. Cause hypovoleamia, euvolaemia and hypervolaemia.
56
hypernatramia
too much Na- much rarer. Potent stimulator of thirst
57
sodium is largely located
extracelullarly
58
potassium is largely located
intracellular
59
hypokalaemia
causes diuretics, diarrhoea/vomiting
60
hyperkalaemia
renal failure, tissue damage, acidosis, aldosterone impairment
61
clinical changes that hyperkalaemia can bring
ECG changes, Kussmaul breathing (hyperventilation). Depolarisation of excitable cells.
62
principle cell and K
secrete in exchange with Na+
63
interrelated cells and K
reabsorb and exchange with H+
64
which aquaporins in collecting duct and DCT
aquaporins
65
acidosis results in
depression of CNS
66
alkalosis results in
over excitability of the CNS and PNS
67
aldosterone causes the insertion of
Na/K ATPase pumps, so more Na+ is reabsorbed
68
ANP also inhibits the release of
aldosterone and ADH

Integrated clinical studies (23 decks)

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