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Cervical Vertebra Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

Atlas

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2
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

Vertebral body
Pedicles
Spinous process
Intervertebral disc

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3
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

Longus colli

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4
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament
Anterior atlanto-axial ligament

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5
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

Fovea dentis

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6
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

They are elliptical
Closer together in front
Often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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7
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

Backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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8
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint

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9
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

Asymmetrical

Slightly concave or flattened

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10
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

Backward, medial, downward (BMD)

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11
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?

A

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidal) joint

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12
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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13
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

Levator scapula
Splenius cervicis
Rectus capitis anterior

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14
Q

What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of C1?

A

About 40%

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15
Q

What part of C1? represents the spinous process?

A

Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

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16
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

Males: about 50mm
Females: about 37mm

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17
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C!?

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor

Ligamentum nuchae

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18
Q

What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?

A

Groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery

Arcuate rim

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19
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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20
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

Accessory bone

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21
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

About age 7

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22
Q

What may be formed of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

Partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

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23
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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24
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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25
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
All ethnic populations
26
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-4%
27
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
Female
28
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
Incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about 15% | Incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as 41%
29
What joint classifications may be observed on the posterior arch of C1?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
30
What is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramen?
It forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
31
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
Costal element Posterior tubercle True transverse process
32
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
Anterior tubercle | Costotransverse bar
33
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
``` Rectus capitis anterior Rectus capitis lateralis Middle scalene Levator scapula Spenius cervicis Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Intertransversarii muscles ```
34
What suboccipital muscles are known to have facial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
Rectus capitis posterior minor Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis inferior
35
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
Myodural bridges
36
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
Lateral mass of atlas | Transverse process of atlas
37
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
Retrotransverse foramen
38
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
Vertebral artery Branch from the suboccipital nerve Veins communicating with the venous sinus of the neck
39
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
Lateral bridges
40
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
Vertebral artery Vertebral venous plexus Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
41
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Males: 78mm Females: 72mm
42
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
Little over 30mm for both males and females
43
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
``` Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint ```
44
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
45
What names are given to C2?
Axis or epistropheus
46
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
Dens or odontoid process
47
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
Facet for fovea dentis Groove for transverse atlantal ligament Alar ligament attachment Apical-dental ligament attachment
48
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
``` Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint ```
49
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
Lordotic dens
50
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
Kyphotic dens
51
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
5
52
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
53
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
10
54
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
55
What ligaments will attach posteriorly, to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
Membrana tectoria | Posterior longitudinal ligament
56
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
Membrana tectoria
57
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
58
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
Superior articular process
59
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction
60
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior Posterior altanto-axial ligament Ligamentum flavum
61
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior
62
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
Backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
63
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
Forward, lateral, down (FoLD)
64
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
Longissimus cervicis
65
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
Costal element Posterior tubercle True transverse process
66
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
Males: 57mm Females: 50mm
67
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
``` Levator scapulae Middle scalene Splenius cervicis Longissimus cervicis Intertransversarii ```
68
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in human?
Bifid
69
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
``` Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis inferior Spinalis cervicis Semispinalis cervicis Multifidis Rotators Interspinalis muscles ```
70
What names may be given to C7?
Vertebra prominens | Vertebral prominence
71
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
Vertebral prominence
72
What name is only given to C7?
Vertebra prominens
73
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females | T1 is more common in males
74
What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
Anterior groove Posterior groove Right & left uncinate processes Cancellous bone
75
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
Anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim Cancellous bone
76
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
77
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Cartilaginous (ampohiarthrosis) symphisis Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
78
How many joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
2
79
What muscle attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
Longus colli muscle
80
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
Vertebral venous plexus | Postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
81
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
``` Middle scalene Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus cervicis Semispinalis capitis Rotators Intertransversarii Levator costarum brevis ```
82
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
Backward, upward, medial (BUM)
83
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
Forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
84
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
Longissimus cervicis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis cervicis Multifidis
85
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
``` Trapezius Rhomboid minor Serratus posterior superior Splenius capitis Spinalis capitis Spinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Multifidis Rotators Interpsinalis ```
86
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
Ligamentum nuchae | Interspinous ligaments
87
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
Left vertebral artery
88
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
Men have larger vertebral arteries than women
89
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
90
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertibrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
Ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
91
What are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
Dizziness Vertigo Nausea
92
The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?
Subclavian artery
93
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
94
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
Atlanto-axial interspace
95
At what location will the vertebral artery form its secondary compensatory loop?
Atlanto-occipital interspace
96
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
Both C1 & C2
97
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
The increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
98
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
Vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
99
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
Basilar artery
100
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
Rectus capitis posterior minor Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior
101
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
Rectus capitis posterior major | Obliquus capitis inferior
102
Which transversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?
Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis capitis Multifidis Rotators
103
What joint classifications are present at C1?
Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
104
What joint classifications are present C2?
``` Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis ```
105
What classifications are present at each typical cervical?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
106
What joint classifications are present at C7?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
107
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
``` Occipital condyle Superior articular process of C1 Capsular ligament Arcuate rim Groove for the vertebral artery Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament ```
108
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
Inferior articular process of C1 Superior articular process of C2 Capsular ligament
109
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
Posterior arch of C1 Lamina of C2 Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
110
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
``` Vertebral bodies Intervertebral disc Posterior longitudinal ligament Uncinate process Lateral groove ```
111
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM) C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
112
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD) C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD) C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
113
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
``` C1 = 5 C2 = 8 C3-C6 = 8 C7 = 6 ```
114
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
``` C1 = none C2 = 10 C3-C6 = 10 C7 = 8 ```

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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