Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy > Vertebral Column/ Spinal Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column/ Spinal Column Flashcards

(145 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

A

26 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What constitutes the spine?

A

24 presacral segments

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?

A

5 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?

A

4 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Two-toed sloth
Manatee
Ant bear
Three-toed sloth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Ant bear

Three-toed sloth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Manatee

Two-toed sloth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

Region of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

Breast plate or chest

Referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

Dorsal segments

Dorsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?

A

12 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

The loin

Region between the rib and hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?

A

5 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

Holy bone or holy region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

Cuckoo bird’s bill or beak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

About 70 centimeters or 28 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

About 60 centimeters or 25 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

About 3 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

About 28 centimeters or 11 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the length of a male lumbar region (both measurements)?

A

About 18 centimeters or 7 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?

A

About 58 centimeters or 23 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
26
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral discs
27
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye | Vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
28
When does the embryonic disc form?
Second week in utero
29
When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
Third week in utero
30
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
31
What is the name given tot he mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
32
What embryonic structure gives rise tot he somites?
Paraxial mesoderm
33
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite?
Sclerotome Mytome Dermatome
34
What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous Cartilaginous Skeletal or osseous
35
Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
Perichordal blastema
36
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes | Costal processes
37
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
38
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
Intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
39
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
Perichordal disc
40
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?
Vertebral blastema
41
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
Segmental artery
42
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
Beginning in the 6th embryonic week
43
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
44
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
Centrum center Neural arch center Transverse process center
45
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
Six: 2 form centrum, 2 for neural arches, 2 for each transverse process
46
What is the earliest that the centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebrae?
During the 7th embryonic week
47
What is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers appear in utero | Secondary centers appear after birth
48
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?
3 primary centers: 5 secondary
49
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?
Centrum centers | Neural arch centers
50
What are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?
Tip of the transverse process Tip of the spinous prcocess Epiphyseal plate centers
51
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebrae?
During puberty (typically 11-16 years old)
52
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebrae?
Vertebral body Vertebral arch Apophyseal regions
53
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
``` Cervical = rectangular Thoracic = triangular Lumbar = reniform ```
54
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim | Inferior epiphyseal rim
55
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal plate | Inferior epiphyseal plate
56
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
57
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
Basivertebral venous foramen
58
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
Pedicle
59
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure | Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
60
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
``` Cervical = posterolateral Thoracic = posterior, slight lateral Lumbar = posterior ```
61
All lamina are oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
62
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
Ligamentum flavum
63
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process
64
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
Accessory bone
65
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae on x-ray?
Shingling
66
What is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical = articular pillar | Thoracic and lumbar = pars interarticularis
67
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral x-ray?
Spinolaminar junction
68
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
Apophyseal regions
69
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
Transverse apophysis or transverse process Articular apophysis or articular process Spinous apophysis or spinous process
70
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
``` Cervical = anterolateral Thoracic = posterolateral Lumbar = lateral ```
71
All non-rib bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent structure?
Costal element
72
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?
Transverse tubercle
73
What will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse processes to accommodate their new position
74
What will cause the transverse processes/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
Growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
75
What will the articular process/ articular apophysis support?
The articular facet
76
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
Zygapophysis
77
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
Superior articular facet
78
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?
Inferior articular facet
79
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapophysis?
Superior articular apophysis Superior articular process Pre-zygapophysis
80
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the back the zygapophysis?
Inferior articular apophysis Inferior articular process Post-zygaophysis
81
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
Superior articular process or superior articular apaophysis
82
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?
Inferior articular process or inferior articular apaophysis
83
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Inferior articular process/ post-zygapophysis Superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis Capsular ligament Ligamentum flavum
84
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
85
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral incisure?
Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
86
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Vertebral body of the segment above Vertebral body of the segment below Intervertebral disc Posterior longitudinal ligament
87
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of a spinous process and the horizontal plate
88
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/ spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?
Imbrication
89
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?
Spinous tubercle
90
What is the orientation of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
``` Cervical = slight angle inferiorly Thoracic = noticeable angle inferiorly Lumbar = no inferior angle ```
91
What is the typical shape/ outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/ vertebral column?
``` Cervical = triangular Thoracic = oval Lumbar = triangular Sacrum = triangular ```
92
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
93
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
94
What are the segmental arteries?
Arteries whose branches supply the vertebra or segment
95
Identify the segmental arteries.
``` Vertebral Ascending cervical Deep cervical Superior (highest) intercostal Posterior intercostal Subcostal LumbarI liolumbar Lateral sacral Medial (middle) sacral ```
96
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
Vertebral artery Ascending cervical artery Deep cervical artery
97
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
Deep cervical artery Superior (highest) intercostal artery Posterior intercostal artery Subcostal artery
98
What are the semental arteries of the lumbar spine?
Lumbar arteries Iliolumbar artiery Lateral sacral artery Median (middle) sacral artery
99
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?
C1-C6
100
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
101
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
102
What segmenal levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?
T1-T2
103
What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
T3-T11
104
What segmental level(s) is/are supplied by the subcostal artery?
T12
105
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
106
What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
107
What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
108
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
Osseous arteries Anterior spinal canal artery Posterior spinal canal artery
109
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery | Plexus
110
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior spinal canal artery | Plexus
111
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
Anterior radicular artery Posterior radicular artery Anterior medullary feeder artery Posterior medullary feeder artery
112
Which vessel will supply the ventral/ anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
Anterior radicular artery
113
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/ posterior nerve rootlet and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
114
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
Anterior spinal artery
115
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
Vertebral artery
116
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
117
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
118
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
119
Which is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
120
Is the posteior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
121
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite long its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
122
What changes to the arterial vasa corona occur between C3 and C6?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery, the right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanged, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to 3 communicating arteries
123
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter the most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/cenral/sulcal perforating arteries
124
What intermedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
Pial perforating arteries
125
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
Anterior medullary feeders | Posterior medullary feeders
126
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
127
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins | Posterior medullary veins
128
Which vessels will drain the ventral/ anterior nerve roots?
Anterior radicular veins
129
Which vessels will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve roots?
Posterior radicular veins
130
What vessel will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
131
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
132
What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?
``` Pial veins Venous vasa corona Anterior longitudinal veins Posterior longitudinal veins Communicating veins Anterior medullary veins Posterior medullary veins Anterior radicular veins Posterior radicular veins ```
133
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus | Basivertebral vein
134
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
135
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.
Dura mater = tough mother Arachnoid mater = spider mother Pia mater = tender or delicate mother
136
Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medullaspinalis).
Epidural space = between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater Subdural space = between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space = between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
137
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
138
What are the contents of the epidural space?
Anterior & posterior spinal canal artery & plexus Anterior &posterior internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vein Recurrent meningeal nerve Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament
139
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vein Recurrent meningeal nerve Posterior longitudinal ligament Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments
140
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus Basivertebral vein Recurrent meningeal nerve Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments
141
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus Ligamentum flavum
142
What contents of the subarachnoid space are changed below the level C6?
Arterial vasa corona consists of 1 anterior spinal artery, 2 posterior spinal arteries, 3 communicating arteries
143
What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
144
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?
Dentate (denticulate) ligament
145
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal cord?
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions