Osteology

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Connective

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

The study of bone

Question 3

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

Osteoblast = form bone
Osteocyte = maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast = remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

Chondroitin sulfates
Keratin sulfates
Hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

Collagen type I

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

Calcium ions
Phosphate ions
Citrate ions
Carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 10

Hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

Sodium
Magnesium
Fluoride
Lead
Strontium
Radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 13

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?

Answer 13

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and age

Question 14

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 14

Mesenchyme

Cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

Intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

From the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of mandible and clavicle, squama of the temporal and occipital bone, greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 18

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 18

Frontal, parietal, squama of temporal and occipital bones, greater wing of sphenoid

Question 19

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 19

Endochondral ossification

Question 20

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 20

From the second to fifth month in utero

Question 21

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 21

Chondrocranium

Question 22

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 22

The clavicle

Question 23

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 23

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth

Secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 24

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 24

Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

Question 25

What is the name given to the below the articulating surface?

Answer 25

Subchondral bone

Question 26

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 26

The periosteum

Question 27

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 27

The endosteum

Question 28

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 28

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 29

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 29

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 30

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 30

Patella | Pisiform

Question 31

What are the types of osseous elevations?

Answer 31

Linear Rounded Sharp

Question 32

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

Answer 32

Line Ridge Crest

Question 33

What is an example of an osseous ridge elevation?

Answer 33

Sacral transverse ridges

Question 34

What are the types of rounded osseous tubercle?

Answer 34

``` Tubercle Protuberance Trochanter Tuber or tuberosity Malleolus ```

Question 35

What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?

Answer 35

A hammerhead-like elevation on the surface of bone

Question 36

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 36

Spine | Process

Question 37

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called "spine?"

Answer 37

A thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone

Question 38

What is the definition of an osseous process?

Answer 38

A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length

Question 39

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 39

Linear depressions | Rounded depressions

Question 40

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

Answer 40

Notch or incisure Groove Sulcus

Question 41

What is the definition of an osseous groove?

Answer 41

A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone

Question 42

What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?

Answer 42

A wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone

Question 43

What are the categories of rounded osseous depression?

Answer 43

Fovea | Fossa

Question 44

What is the definition of an osseous fovea?

Answer 44

A shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

Question 45

What is the definition of an osseous fossa?

Answer 45

A deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

Question 46

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

Answer 46

Ostium or orifice | Hiatus

Question 47

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

Answer 47

An irregular opening on the surface of bone

Question 48

What are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

Answer 48

Foramen or canal

Question 49

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

Answer 49

An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

Question 50

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

Answer 50

An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

Question 51

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 51

Meatus

Question 52

What is the definition of an osseous fissure?

Answer 52

An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

Question 53

What are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 53

Flat facets | Rounded facets

Question 54

What are examples of a flat osseous facet?

Answer 54

Articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

Question 55

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 55

Articular heads | Articular condyles

Question 56

What is the definition of an osseous condyle?

Answer 56

A knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous identification

Question 57

What bones form the axial skeleton?

Answer 57

``` Skull Hyoid Vertebral column Sternum Ribs ```

Question 58

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

Answer 58

Cranium

Question 59

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

Answer 59

Calvaria or calva

Question 60

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

Answer 60

28

Question 61

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

Answer 61

8

Question 62

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

Answer 62

14

Question 63

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

Answer 63

Spine

Question 64

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

Answer 64

24

Question 65

What is the definition of "spine" as it pertains to the vertebral column?

Answer 65

Pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column

Question 66

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

Answer 66

1

Question 67

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

Answer 67

Manubrium sterni Corpus sterni Xiphoid process

Question 68

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

Answer 68

12 pair or 24 ribs