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Spinal Cord Flashcards

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1
Q

In horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be largest?

A

Transverse

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2
Q

What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

A 
C3-T1 = cervical enlargement
T9-T12 = lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement
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3
Q

Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?

A

C6

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4
Q

In which plane (or direction) will the diameter of the spinal cord decrease from C2-T1?

A

Midsagittal or anterior-posterior plane

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5
Q

What is the generic cord level of origin - vertebral level combination of the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?

A

L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra

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6
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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7
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?

A

Typically S4, S5, Co1

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8
Q

Which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?

A

L1

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9
Q

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

A

Cauda equina

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10
Q

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

A

Filum terminale internum

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11
Q

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first coverage at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

A

Typically S2 (dural cul de sac)

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12
Q

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?

A

Proximal part of the filum terminale internum

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13
Q

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?

A

It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and low as S4

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14
Q

What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?

A

Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter

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15
Q

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

A

Cruciate anastomosis

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16
Q

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

A

Filum terminale externum

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17
Q

What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

A

Coccygeal medullary vestige

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18
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?

A

Tethered cord syndrome

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19
Q

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

A

It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord

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20
Q

What is the relationship between rib number and vertebral numbers at the costocentral joint?

A

Rib number always equates to same vertebral number at the costocentral joint rib 3 articulates with T3 segment and also with the T2 segment
Only Ribs 1, 11 and 12 typically joint with a single segment

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21
Q

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple

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22
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Ant bear

Three-toed sloth

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23
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Two-toed sloth

Manatee

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24
Q

Which vertebrae are typical cervical?

A

C3-C6

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25
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
26
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
Posterior or kyphotic
27
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
Intervertebral disc height
28
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
Anterior or lordotic
29
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
30
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
31
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove Posterior groove Right and left uncinate process
32
What are the names of lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
Uncinate process Unciform process Uncovertebral process Uncus or lateral lip
33
At what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
34
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior lip Posterior lip Right and left lateral grooves
35
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
36
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
37
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
38
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
5
39
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
10
40
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
41
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surface?
Uncinate process | Lateral groove
42
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
Appears to stabilize the intervetral disc while accommodating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
43
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
Longus colli muscle
44
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral - 45 degrees
45
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body?
46
What surface feature is located at the upper margin of the pedicle?
Superior vertebral notch
47
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
48
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
49
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
50
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
Accessory bone
51
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
Heart-shaped or triangluar
52
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
Transverse
53
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen?
Transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
54
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at?
C6
55
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
56
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
``` Costal element Anterior tubercle Costotransverse bar Posterior tubercle True transverse process ```
57
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Anterior scalene Longus capitis Longus colli Anterior intertransversarii
58
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
``` Splenius cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Levator scapula Middle scalene Posterior scalene Rotators Posterior intertransversarii ```
59
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
Middle scalene | Posterior intertransversarii
60
What is the name given to the collective rib-forming region?
Pleurapophysis
61
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
62
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane) | 15 degreed inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
63
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
Carotid tubercle
64
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
Common carotid artery
65
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery Vertebral venous plexus Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
66
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
Groove/sulcus for the dorsal primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
67
What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facet?
40-45 degrees from the coronal plane
68
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55-60 degrees
69
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
Backward, upward, medial (BUM)
70
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
Forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
71
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
``` Longissimus capitis Longissimus cervicis Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Multifidis Rotators ```
72
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
Semispinalis capitis Multifidis Rotator longus
73
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
Typically C5/C6
74
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
Lateral bending and axial rotation
75
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
C2/C3 C3/C4 C4/C5
76
Ranges for coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
77
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
They are bifid
78
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
They are not bifid
79
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
``` Spinalis cervicis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Multifidis Rotators Interspinalis ```
80
What forms the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
Lateral groove of C3 | Uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
81
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery Vertebral venous plexus Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
82
What will influence spinal kinematics?
Geometry of articular facets Mechanical properties of connective tissue Mechanical properties of muscle
83
What should be carefully considered when applying research results to a population?
Condition of the subject material (fresh cadaver, fixed cadaver, living subject) Age range of the population studied Method of measurement (X-ray, gonimeter, MRI, etc.)
84
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
Lateral groove & vertebral body of the segment above Uncinate process & vertebral body of the segment below Intervertebral disc & the posterior longitudinal ligmaent
85
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
Inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis) Superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis) Capsular ligament Ligamentum flavum
86
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
87
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
88
What will form the unique anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
Uncinate process of the segment below & the lateral groove of the segment above to form the joint of Luschka

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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