ch 1

Question 1

name of Dr. Shankar’s dog

Answer 1

maltese named snowy

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

study of normal functioning in living organisms

Question 3

bio levels of organization

Answer 3

atoms-> molecules-> cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> organisms-> population-> ecosystem-> biosphere

Question 4

10 organ systems

Answer 4

reproductive, immune, integumentary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, digestive, respiratory, urinary, circulatory, nervous

Question 5

reproductive

Answer 5

perpetuation of species

Question 6

immune

Answer 6

defense from foreign invaders

Question 7

integumentary

Answer 7

protection from external environment

Question 8

endocrine

Answer 8

coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

Question 9

musculoskeletal

Answer 9

support and movement

Question 10

digestive

Answer 10

conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes

Question 11

respiratory

Answer 11

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environment

Question 12

urinary

Answer 12

maintainance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal

Question 13

circulatory

Answer 13

transport of materials between all cells of the body

Question 14

nervous

Answer 14

coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

Question 15

mechanistic explanations

Answer 15

explain HOW a process in physiology occurs

Question 16

teloeogical

Answer 16

explain WHY a process in physiology occurs

Question 17

four major themes in physiology

Answer 17

structure/ functionrelationships
biological energy use
info flow
homeostasis

Question 18

structure/function

Answer 18

how a body structure is designed tomatch its function , molecular interaction and compartmentalization, length of nephron to get all water out

Question 19

biological energy use

Answer 19

where energy comes from, mitochondria

Question 20

information flow

Answer 20

use of chemical or electrical communication among cells in the body to coordinate function, endocrines

Question 21

homeostasis

Answer 21

organisms that maintain internal environment while external environment changes

Question 22

what is homeostasis

Answer 22

steady state, requires energy input, if it fails– could result in disease or disruption can result

Question 23

two compartments in the body

Answer 23

extracellular compartment fluid and internal compartment fluid

Question 24

extracellular compartment

Answer 24

large concentration of Na and Cl, plasma is a part of the extracellular

Question 25

intracellular compartment

Answer 25

large concentration of K, within cell so harder to study

Question 26

law of mass balance

Answer 26

if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Question 27

load

Answer 27

amount of a substance in the body

Question 28

mass flow

Answer 28

(amount x/min)= (amount x/vol) x(vol/min)

Question 29

clearance

Answer 29

rate at which a substance disappears from blood, example urea

Question 30

equilibrium. vs steady state

Answer 30

equilibrium does not require energy but steady state does

Question 31

components of a control system

Answer 31

input signal integrating center output signal

Question 32

relationship between regulated variable and set point

Answer 32

regulated variable creates repeating patterns that surround a set point

Question 33

local control

Answer 33

restricted to a tissue or cell

Question 34

long- distance control

Answer 34

endocrine or nervous system can send signals over long distances

Question 35

reflex control

Answer 35

uses long-distance signaling response loop uses nervous and/or endocrine systems

Question 36

negative feedback

Answer 36

system is activated to when set point is passed to restrict to range allowed, sweating when body temp gets too high

Question 37

positive feedback

Answer 37

SISTEM AMPLIFIES SIGNAL TO UPREGULATE PRODUCTION, oxytocin release during childbirth

Question 38

feedforward control

Answer 38

system is activated in anticipation of event, salivating

Question 39

set point

Answer 39

normal value, response loop controls function and activates when out of range of set point, circadian rhythm

Question 40

plasma

Answer 40

liquid component of blood, only about 55%

Question 41

dynamic steady state

Answer 41

materials constantly moving within two compartments, but no net movement between

Question 42

equilibrium

Answer 42

implies composition of compartments are identical, not the same as steady state (energy input)

Question 43

homeostasis

Answer 43

attempts to maintain dynamic steady state