Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio201 > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart moves blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones, controls voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

smooth muscle

A

muscle of internal organs, controls involuntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle with alternating light and dark bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of striated muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscle that contracts on command of somatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which is the only muscle type that contracts on command of. a somatic nerve

A

skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

involuntary muscle

A

muscle that contracts without conscious effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones to bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

origin

A

muscle attachment closest to trunk or more stationary bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

insertion

A

more distal or mobile muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

flexor muscle

A

muscle connected by a flexible joint that move the bones closer together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

extensor muscle

A

muscle that increases joint angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

antagonistic muscle group

A

pairs of muscles with opposing actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

muscle fibers

A

cells forming skeletal muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

satellite cells

A

stem cells aiding muscle growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of adjacent muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm with a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

myofibrils

A

main intracellular structures in striated muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

terminal cisternae

A

longitudinal tubules with enlarged end regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

transverse tubules

A

extensions fo membrane for rapid AP transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do transverse tubules allow for
AP’s to move rapidly from cell surface into interior of fiber so they reach terminal cisternae
26
sarcomere
functional unit of muscle contraction
27
myosin
motor protein with heavy and light chains
28
actin
thin filaments forming muscle structure
29
crossbridges
connections between myosin heads and actin
30
31
power strokes
myosin movement pushing actin during contraction
32
calcium- troponin complex
triggers muscle contraction by exposing actin
33
relaxation
release of tension after muscle contraction
34
calcium decrease
essential for muscle relaxation and contraction termination
35
rigor state
myosin head tightly bound to G-actin without nucleotides
36
ATP binding
causes myosin head to release from actin
37
ATP hydrolysis
Myosin rotates, preparing for the next cycle
38
calcium and Pi release
triggers myosin to swivel and generate force
39
excitation contraction coupling
process linking muscle action potential to contraction
40
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter released from somatic motor neurons
41
depolarization
increased Na influx starts action potential
42
sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions for muscle contraction
43
troponin
binds calcium allowing muscle contraction to occur
44
Calcium ATPase
pumps calcium back into SR
45
crossbridge release
myosin detaches from actin during muscle relaxation
46
twitch
single contraction-relaxation cycle in muscle fiber
47
latent period
time between action potential and muscle tension onset
48
phosphocreatine
high energy molecule providing phosphate to ADP
49
anaerobic glycolysis
energy production without oxygen access
50
Central fatigue
fatigue originating from CNS
51
peripheral fatigue
Fatigue occurring at neuromuscular junction or muscle.
52
pH
only a cause of central fatigue in extreme circumstances
53
what could peripheral fatigue come from
glycogen depletion
54
slow twitch fibers
type 1 fibers, fatigue-resistant, suited for endurance
55
fast twitch fibers
type 2 fibers, develop tension quickly, fatigue faster
56
type 2A fibers
fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic
57
type 2B
fast twitch glycolytic
58
2A vs 2B
2B develops twitch faster, split atp faster
59
myoglobin
oxygen-binding pigment enhancing oxygen delivery in muscles
60
summation
increased force from rapid action potential firing
61
tetanus
state of maximal contraction without relaxation
62
single-unit smooth muscle
contracts as a unit via gap junction
63
multi-unit smooth muscle
cells function independently, requiring fiber recruitment
64
autonomic nervous system
controls smooth muscle involuntarily without specialized regions
65
calcium cascade
process ending with myosin light chain phosphorylation
66
sarcomeres
structural units absent in smooth muscle fibers
67
actin to myosin ratio
10-15 actin per myosin in smooth muscle
68
tropomyosin
present in smooth muscle
69
cytoskeleton
extensive network providing structural support in cells
70
dense bodies
proteins anchoring actin filaments within smooth muscle
71
sarcoplasmic reticulum
variable network of tubules for calcium storage
72
caveolae
invaginations in smooth muscle cell membranes
73
myosin phosphorylation
increases ATPase activity, enhancing muscles contraction
74
dephosphorylation
removes phosphate, reducing myosin ATPase activity
75
latch state
maintains tension with minimal ATP consumption
76
MLCK
myosin light chain kinase, initiates contraction
77
MLCP
myosin light chain phosphotase, regulates relaxation
78
calmodulin
calcium-binding protein activating MLCK in smooth muscle
79
electromechanical coupling
electrical signal initiating smooth muscle contraction
80
graded contraction
variable calcium entry leads to different contraction lengths
81
Calcium-induced calcium release
Ryr opens in response to calcium influx
82
voltage-gated calcium channels
open in response to cell membrane depolarization
83
ligand-gated calcium channels
Open upon ligand binding to receptors.
84
stretch-activated channels
respond to mechanical stretch, important in blood vessels
85
membrane potentials
influence action potential initiation in smooth muscle
86
slow wave potential
cyclic depolarization and repolarization in smooth muscle
87
pacemaker potentials
regular depolarization reaaching action potential threshold
88
chemical signals
influence smooth muscle activity, can be excitatory or inhibitory
89
epinephrine
binds to receptors causing contraction or relaxation
90
IP3
triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
91
DAG
inhibits MLCP promoting muscle tension
92
cAMP
Promotes relaxation by decreasing calcium concentration.
93
Paracrine Signals
Local signals affecting smooth muscle function.
94
nitric oxide
Relaxes smooth muscle, synthesized in blood vessels.

bio201 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions