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bio201 > ch 22 > Flashcards

ch 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 competing behavioral states

A

appetite
satiety

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

feeding and satiety

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3
Q

glucostatic theory

A

glucose metabolism by hypothalamic centers regulates food intake

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4
Q

lipostatic theory

A

a signal from the body’s fat stores to the brain modulates eating behavior so that body maintains particular weight

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5
Q

what parts of the brain can control appetite vs satiety

A

hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, limbic system

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6
Q

what peptides control appetite

A

adipokines, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin

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7
Q

what input can control appetite and satiety

A

sensory input

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8
Q

3 categories of work in cells

A

transport
mechanical
chemical

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9
Q

how do we use direct calorimetry to measure oxygen consumption

A

energy content of food in kcal

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10
Q

why is metabolic energy slightly less

A

food is not fully digested

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11
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy expenditure

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12
Q

quantities of indirect calorimetry

A

O2 vs CO2
Resp quotient
resp exchange rate

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13
Q

glycogen

A

stored in liver and skeletal muscles

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14
Q

fat

A

more than twice the energy content of an equal amount of carbohydrate or protein

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15
Q

why is fat not a great energy storage

A

harder and slower to access

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16
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

an individual’s lowest metabolic rate

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17
Q

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

A

12-hour fast

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18
Q

6 factors affect metabolic rate

A

Age and sex
Amount of lean muscle mass
Activity level
Diet and diet-induced thermogenesis
Hormones
Genetics

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19
Q

what can be voluntarily changed

A

only energy intake and physical activity

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20
Q

what does strength training increase

A

lean muscle mass

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21
Q

what does strength training use

A

additional energy

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22
Q

what does strength training decrease

A

calories going into storage

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23
Q

anabolic pathways

A

synthesize

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24
Q

what state is associated with anabolic pathways

A

fed or absorptive

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25
catabolic pathways
break large molecules into smaller ones
26
what state is associated with catabolic pathways
fasted state or post absorptive state
27
3 fates of ingested biomolecules
energy to do mechanical work synthesis for growth and maintenance storage as glycogen or fat
28
nutrient pools
free fatty acids glucose amino acids
29
which pool is tightly regulated
glucose
30
glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen
31
lipogenesis
synthesis of fat
32
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
33
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from a precursor other than a carb
34
how do enzymes control the direction of metabolism
push pull
35
what makes atp
carbs
36
types of proteins
structural and functional enzymes hormones amine hormones neurotransmitters
37
chylomicrons contain
triglycerides phospholipids apolipoproteins
38
lipoprotein lipase
converts triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
39
where does excess cholesterol go
its secreted in bile and blood
40
how do make a denser complex
fusing with protein
41
how do complexes enter the cell?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
42
lipid synthesis
from non-lipid precursors in fed-state metabolism
43
what feeds into glycolysis
glycerol
44
what do excess acetyl CoA become
ketone bodies
45
what leads to ketoacidosis
strong metabolic acids
46
what does the pancreas secrete
insulin and glucagon
47
3 Islets of Langerhans
Alpha-> glucagon Beta-> insulin Delta->somatostatin
48
which hormone dominates in the fed state
insulin
49
which hormone dominates in the fasting state
glucagon
50
what does glucagon prevent
hypoglycemia
51
what is the primary target of glucagon
liver
52
what does glucagon stimulate
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
53
what is the ultimate goal of glucagon
to increase blood glucose
54
what stimulates glucagon release
low blood glucose plasma amino acids
55
diabetes mellitus
abnormally elevated plasma glucose concentrations or hyperglycemia
56
4 complications of diabetes
blood vessels eyes kidneys nervous system
57
type 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency from autoimmune destruction of beta cells
58
type 2 diabetes mellitus
insulin-resistant diabetes
59
diagnosing diabetes
blood glucose 8hrs fasting glucose tolerance test
60
prediabetes BG8
100-125 mg/dL
61
diabetes BG8
>125 mg/dL
62
prediabetes GTT
140-199 mg/dL
63
diabetes GTT
>200mg/dL
64
T1DM
genetic predisposition sometimes preceded by viral infection often in childhood
65
6 consequences of no insulin
proteins and fat metabolism hyperglycemia brain metabolism osmotic diuresis and polyuria dehydration metabolic ketoacidosis
66
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
67
6 ways drugs can help type 2 diabetes
stimulating beta cell secretion slow digestion/absorption inhibit hepatic glucose make target tissues more responsive to insulin promote glucose excretion mimic endogenous hormones
68
endogenous hormones
amylin, incretin, mimetics
69
metabolic syndrome
combo of type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis high bp
70
diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome
Central (visceral) obesity (waist circumference) >40” male, >35” female Blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg Fasting blood glucose >110 mg/dL Elevated fasting plasma triglyceride levels Low plasma HDL-C levels
71
hormones that influence metabolism
T3/4 GH Epinephrine cortisol PATHWAYS neuropeptides hypothalamic hormone
72
what kind of temperature range do humans have
homeothermic temp
73
heat gain
internal heat production external heat input
74
heat loss
conduction radiation convection evaporation
75
thermoregulatory center
hypothalamus
76
where are thermoreceptors
skin anterior hypothalamus
77
what contributes to heat loss
sweat
78
sympathetic cholinergic neurons
alterations in cutaneous blood flow
79
unregulated heat production
voluntary muscle contraction normal metabolism
80
regulated heat production
shivering/nonshivering thermogenesis
81
physiological regulation
circadian rhythm menstrual cycle hot flashes fever
82
what is immune response to pyrogens (think fire)
fever

bio201 (10 decks)

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