ch 6

Question 1

3 forms of local communication

Answer 1

Gap junctions
contact dependent signals
chemical diffusion(autocrine and paracrine)

Question 2

2 forms of long distance communication

Answer 2

chemical and electrical signals
neural and endocrine

Question 3

neurocrine molecules

Answer 3

neurotransmitters
neuromodulators
neurohormones

Question 4

cytokines

Answer 4

peptides synthesized and secreted by nucleated cells in response to stimuli

Question 5

how do cytokines function in development and differentiation

Answer 5

autocrine and paracrine

Question 6

families of cytokines

Answer 6

interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines

Question 7

how are cytokines made

Answer 7

on demand

Question 8

which cells can produce

Answer 8

any nucleated cell can produce

Question 9

when can a cell respond to a particular chemical signal

Answer 9

if the target has a receptor

Question 10

lipophillic binding

Answer 10

diffuse through membrane to bind to cytosolic receptors

Question 11

lipophobic ligand binding

Answer 11

bind to receptors outside cell membrane

Question 12

4 groups of surface receptors

Answer 12

chemically gated
GPCR
receptor enzymes
integrin receptors

Question 13

cascades

Answer 13

series of events from initial signal
external signal->receptor->transducer->amplifier->response

Question 14

signal amplification

Answer 14

increases the strength of the signal by upregulating signaling molecules from initial signal

Question 15

rapid signal pathways

Answer 15

rapid flow of an ion in or out of the cell brings about a rapid response from the cell

Question 16

where are rapid signal pathways found

Answer 16

in nerve and muscle

Question 17

G protein

Answer 17

three part transducer

Question 18

GPCR-cAMP pathways

Answer 18

what many lipophobic hormones use

Question 19

lipid derived second messengers

Answer 19

phospholipase
diacylglycerol
inositol triphosphate

Question 20

catalytic receptor enzymes

Answer 20

protein kinases, guanylyl cyclase

Question 21

5 ways calcium is an intracellular messenger

Question 22

gaseous signal molecules

Answer 22

NO, CO, H2S

Question 23

advantages of gaseous second messengers

Answer 23

short acting paracrines or autocrines

Question 24

disadvantages of gaseous second messengers

Question 25

eicosands

Answer 25

lipid signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid

Question 26

specificity

Answer 26

only one ligand for one receptor

Question 27

affinity

Answer 27

could depend of shape size, ph etc

Question 28

leukotrienes

Answer 28

role in asthma and anaphylaxis

Question 29

prostanoids

Answer 29

prostaglandins and thromboxane

Question 30

prostanoids do what

Answer 30

sleep, inflammation, pain, fever

Question 31

NSAIDs

Answer 31

help prevent inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase

Question 32

sphingolipids

Answer 32

help regulate inflammation, cell adhesion and migration and cell growth and death

Question 33

how do sphingolipids do it

Answer 33

combine with GPCR's in membranes of target cells

Question 34

saturation

Question 35

up-regulation

Answer 35

amplify signals

Question 36

down-regulation

Answer 36

antagonists can stop total reception

Question 37

pathway termination

Question 38

cannon's 4 postulates

Answer 38

nervous regulation of internal environment tonic control antagonistic control one chemical signal can have different effects in diff tissues

Question 39

reflex control pathway

Question 40

speed in neuro vs endocrine

Answer 40

neuro is faster endocrine

Question 41

specificity in neuro vs endocrine

Answer 41

neural is single target, endocrine is any cell with proper receptor

Question 42

types of signals in neuro vs endocrine

Answer 42

neurotransmitters vs hormones

Question 43

duration of action in neuro vs endocrine

Answer 43

usually very short for neural, can be very long lasting for endocrine

Question 44

complex reflex pathways

Answer 44

see diagram