ch 15

Question 1

five major types of blood vessels

Answer 1

Arteries, Arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 2

arteries act as a

Answer 2

pressure reservoir

Question 3

what kind of layers do arteries have

Answer 3

thick layers of vascular smooth muscles

Question 4

what are arteries made of

Answer 4

lots of elastic and fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

arterioles

Answer 5

site of variable resistance

Question 6

what are arterioles a part of

Answer 6

microcirculation

Question 7

what is the ratio in arterioles

Answer 7

less elastic and more muscular

Question 8

what are metarterioles

Answer 8

branches of arterioles

Question 9

what kind of tissue makes up metarterioles(think about how its related to arterioles)

Answer 9

partial smooth muscle layer

Question 10

precapillary sphincters

Answer 10

open and close to direct blood flow to capillaries or venous circulation

Question 11

capillaries

Answer 11

primary exchange site between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 12

what are pericytes

Answer 12

contractile cells associated with capillaries

Question 13

what do pericytes contribute to

Answer 13

capillary impermeability

Question 14

what do pericytes secrete

Answer 14

paracrine factors that promote vascular growth and differentiation

Question 15

venules

Answer 15

receive blood from capillaries

Question 16

what kind of epithelium for venules

Answer 16

thin exchange

Question 17

what takes blood back to the heart

Answer 17

veins

Question 18

volume reservoir(think opposite to pressure reservoir)

Answer 18

veins

Question 19

one way valves

Answer 19

in veins prevent backward flow

Question 20

are arteries or veins more numerous

Answer 20

veins

Question 21

where is blood pressure highest

Answer 21

arteries

Question 22

where is blood pressure lowest

Answer 22

veins

Question 23

pulse pressure

Answer 23

pressure wave produced by ventricular contraction

Question 24

pulse pressure equation

Answer 24

systolic -diastolic

Question 25

how does friction affect blood pressure

Answer 25

causes it to decrease

Question 26

what aids venous return

Answer 26

valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

Question 27

arterial blood pressure

Answer 27

reflects the driving pressure for blood flow

Question 28

mean arterial pressure

Answer 28

the driving pressure

Question 29

MAP equation

Answer 29

diastolic pressure + .3(sys-dia)

Question 30

hypotension

Answer 30

lower than normal MAP

Question 31

hypertension

Answer 31

greater than normal MAP

Question 32

spygmomanometer

Answer 32

measures blood pressure

Question 33

when does blood flow

Answer 33

when there is a pressure gradient

Question 34

what opposes blood flow

Answer 34

resistance of the system

Question 35

three factors of resistance

Answer 35

blood vessel radius blood vessel length blood viscosity

Question 36

primary determinant of velocity

Answer 36

total cross sectional area of vessel

Question 37

blood flow into aorta

Answer 37

cardiac output of left ventricle

Question 38

if flow in exceeds flow out

Answer 38

blood volume increases and MAP increases

Question 39

if flow out exceeds flow in

Answer 39

blood volume decreases and MAP decreases

Question 40

how does blood volume fluctuate through the day

Answer 40

relatively constant

Question 41

4 factors of MAP

Answer 41

blood volume cardiac output resistance distribution of blood

Question 42

what influences arteriolar resistance

Answer 42

local and systemic control mechanisms

Question 43

3 things that directly alter arteriolar resistance

Answer 43

local control sympathetic reflexes hormones

Question 44

myogenic autoregulation

Answer 44

adjusts blood flow

Question 45

what regulates its own contraction

Answer 45

vascular smooth muscles

Question 46

major paracrine control molecules

Answer 46

nitrous oxide histamine

Question 47

neural and hormonal signals that control BP

Answer 47

ANP and angiotensin II

Question 48

what controls most systemic arterioles

Answer 48

sympathetic innervation

Question 49

whats the exception to systemic arterioles

Answer 49

penis and clitoris

Question 50

adrenal medulla

Answer 50

releases epinephrine into blood

Question 51

just take the time to

Answer 51

learn figure 15.11 b

Question 52

what does blood dist vary with

Answer 52

metabolic needs of individual tissues

Question 53

what governs blood dist

Answer 53

local control mechanisms, homeostatic reflex

Question 54

individual arterioles

Answer 54

regulate own flow

Question 55

cerebral flow

Answer 55

stays nearly constant

Question 56

what do bareceptors control

Answer 56

blood pressure

Question 57

where are baroreceptors concentrated

Answer 57

carotid artery

Question 58

activated baroreceptors produce

Answer 58

continuous action potential to brainstem

Question 59

change in pressure is reflected in

Answer 59

changes in frequency of action potential

Question 60

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 60

triggers the baroreceptor reflex

Question 61

arterial chemoreceptors are activated by

Answer 61

low O2

Question 62

what do activated arterial chemoreceptors cause

Answer 62

increased cardiac output

Question 63

adaptive integration is between

Answer 63

respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 64

what brain structures modulate blood pressure

Answer 64

hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 65

vasovagal syncope

Answer 65

a common type of fainting that occurs when the body overreacts to certain triggers

Question 66

what is related to the metabolic activity of cells

Answer 66

capillary density

Question 67

two types of capillaries

Answer 67

continuous and fenestrated

Question 68

sinusoids

Answer 68

modified capillary vessel

Question 69

where do sinusoids reside

Answer 69

bone marrow, liver and spleen

Question 70

when is velocity higher

Answer 70

in smaller diameter tubes

Question 71

primary determinant of velocity

Answer 71

total cross-sectional area of all capillaries

Question 72

how does exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid occur

Answer 72

paracellular pathway, endothelial transport

Question 73

bulk flow

Answer 73

mass movement as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

Question 74

filtration

Answer 74

fluid movement out of capillaries

Question 75

absorption

Answer 75

fluid movement into capillaries

Question 76

what causes filtration

Answer 76

hydrostatic pressure

Question 77

what caused absorption

Answer 77

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 78

what does the lymphatic system do

Answer 78

return fluids and proteins to circulatory system

Question 79

what can the lymphatic system do

Answer 79

pick up and transfer fat from digestive to circulatory

Question 80

what can the lymphatic system filter

Answer 80

pathogen

Question 81

one way or two way movement of interstitial fluid ?

Answer 81

one way in the circulatory system

Question 82

are lymph capillaries continuous or blind ended

Answer 82

blind ended

Question 83

edema

Answer 83

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Question 84

risk factors for CVD

Answer 84

smoking and obesity

Question 85

what can't be controlled for in CVD

Answer 85

sex, age, family history

Question 86

diabetic mellitus

Answer 86

metabolic disorder that contributes to development of atherosclerosis

Question 87

atherosclerosis

Answer 87

inflammatory process

Question 88

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 88

increased blood cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 89

what is heart failure

Answer 89

the inability of the CO to keep with the demands of the body for blood supply

Question 90

diastolic Heart Failure

Answer 90

heart has trouble filling up with blood

Question 91

systolic Heart failure

Answer 91

heart has difficulty pumping blood out, may result from a heart attack

Question 92

diastolic dysfunction

Answer 92

Ventricular compliance may decrease but contractility is normal. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle working against increased arterial pressure (afterload) may make the ventricle less compliant, and stiff.

Question 93

pulmonary edema

Answer 93

fluid in the lungs