ch 17 +18 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
first function of respiratory system
A
exchange of gases btw atmosphere and blood
2
Q
second function of resp system
A
homeostatic reg of pH
3
Q
third function of respiratory system
A
protection from inhaled pathogens
4
Q
fourth function of respiratory system
A
vocalization
5
Q
bulk flow
A
flow from high to low pressure
6
Q
how does bulk flow occur
A
muscular pump
7
Q
what provides resistance to air flow
A
diameter
8
Q
ventilation
A
inspiration and expiration
9
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
10
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
tracea, 2 primary bronchi, branches, lungs
11
Q
alveoli
A
site of gas exchange
12
Q
thoracic cage
A
bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen
13
Q
what protects lungs
A
bones and muscle of the thorax
14
Q
what are the bones of the thorax
A
spine and rib cage
15
Q
what are the muscles of the thoracic cage
A
Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes
16
Q
what encloses the lungs
A
pleural sacs
17
Q
point of pleural fluid
A
lowers friction btw membranes
18
Q
what holds lungs tight to thoracic wall
A
pleural fluid
19
Q
airway order
A
Pharynx larynx trachea
20
Q
what contains vocal cords
A
larynx
21
Q
primary bronchi lead to
A
bronchioles
22
Q
what do airways have to do to air to not shock the body
A
warm, humidify, and filter air
23
Q
Type 1 alveolar cells
A
gas exchange
24
Q
type 2 alveolar cells
A
produce surfactant
25
connective tissue
elastin and collagen
26
pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium
27
what is blood flow through lungs/min equal to
blood flow through rest of body/min
28
average pulmonary blood pressure
25/8 mmHg
29
is distance between alveoli and capillary endothelium very long or very short
short
30
Dalton's law
Total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures
31
Boyle's law
PV1=PV2
32
v
1/p
33
partial pessure of a gas
Patm= %gas in atmosphere
34
Pgas in humid air
(Patm-Ph2o) x % of gas
35
lung volume
changes during ventilation
36
pulmonary functions
spirometer
37
tidal volume
volume that moves during a respiratory cycle
38
inspiratory cycle
additional volume above tidal volume
39
expiratory reserve volume
forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal
40
residual volume
volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation
41
vital capacity
IRV+ERV+ V
42
total lung capacity
IRV +ERV+ V+ residual volume
43
tidal volume number
500 mL
44
inspiratory reserve volume number
3000mL
45
expiratory reserve volume number
1100 mL
46
residual volume number
1200 mL
47
Flow
P/R
48
when does inspiration occur
when alveolar pressure decreases
49
expiration occurs when
alveolar pressure increases
50
subatmospheric intrapleural pressure
keeps lungs inflated
51
pneumothorax
air leaks from the lung into the space between the lung and chest wall
52
intrapleural pressure
pressure changes in response to inhalation /exhalation
53
compliance
ability to stretch
54
high compliance
easy to stretch
55
low compliance
requires more force
56
what kind of disease has low compliance
restrictive lung disease
57
elastance
ability to return to resting volume when stretching
58
surfactants
surface active agents
59
why do alveolar cells need surfactant
disrupt cohesive force of water
60
premature babies
inadequate surfactant concentration
61
airway diameter
R=Lmu/r^2
62
bronchoconstriction
increases resistance
63
histamine
bronchoconstrictor
64
bronchodilation
decreases resistance
65
is bronchoconstriction para or symp
parasympathetic
66
is bronchodilation para or sym
sympathetic
67
total pulmonary ventilation
ventilation rate x tidal volume
68
alveolar ventilation
ventilation rate ( Vt- dead space)
69
anatomical dead space
part of the airway where air does not reach
70
fresh air into lungs
10% total lung volume at the end of inspiration
71
ventilation is matched with
alveolar blood flow
72
what does vent/blood flow ensure
efficiency of gas exchange
73
what happens if alveolar exchange decreases
blood flow is diverted away from damaged tissues
74
obstructive lung disease
increased airway resistance
75
examples of obstructive lung disease
asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea
76
restrictive lung disease
reduced lung compliance
77
examples of restrictive lung disease
pulmonary fibrosis, scoliosis
78
forced vital capacity
Taking in as much air as possible and then breathing it out as quickly as possible.
79
what is the procedure for FEV1
The volume of air leaving the airway in the first second
80
FEV1/FVC
used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive diseases
81
FEV1/FVC for restrictive
does not change
82
FEV1/FVC for obstructive
<80% what it should be
83
3 regulated variables that body has to respond to
O2, CO2, pH
84
breathing
bulk flow in and out of lungs
85
total pressure of mixed gas
sum of partial pressures of individual gases
86
gas exchange between alveoli and blood
PO2 is less in blood than alveoli (GRADIENT)
87
gas exchange between blood and tissues
blood is greater than tissue (GRADIENT)
88
what does higher altitude do
decrease PO2
89
what happens when alveolar ventilation is inadequate
hypoventilation
90
diffusion rate
surface area x barrier permiability
91
constants in diffusion rate equation
surface area
barrier permeability
diffusion distance
92
what is the primary factor affecting gas exchange
concentration gradient
93
what is movement of gas directly proportional to
pressure gradient of gas
solubility of gas in liquid
temp
94
where does gas first entering capillaries go
dissolve into plasma
95
how much does dissolved gas account for
<2% of O2 in blood
96
PO2 determines what
oxygen- Hb binding
97
what is O2 binding dependent on
Hb in RBCs
98
oxygen binding is expressed as
%
99
what do oxyhemoglobin sat curves display
relationship between saturation and PO2
100
what is the cool part of hemoglobin
its cooperative , as one oxygen binds it is encouraged to bind more
101
what does Hb binding depend on
Plasma O2 and amount of hemoglobin
102
what shifts Hb curve to the right( more O2 released)
dec pH , inc temp, inc PO2
103
what shifts Hb curve to the left(less O2 released)
inc pH , dec temp, dec PO2
104
bohr shift
a shift in hemoglobin saturation curve resulting from. pH change
105
maternal vs fetal hemoglobin
fetal Hb left shifted
106
how does curve shift as pH increases
LEFT
107
how does curve shift as temp increases
RIGHT
108
how does curve shift as PCO2 increases
RIGHT
109
how does curve shift as 2,3 BPG increases
RIGHT
110
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme in charge of converting CO2 to HCO3-
111
chloride shift
exchanges HCO3- for Cl- to maintain electrical neutrality
112
hemoglobin and H+
react to form respiratory acidosis
113
hemoglobin and CO2
carbaminohemoglobin
114
CO2 removal at the lungs
diffusion of CO2 down PCo2 gradient
115
what maintains breathing rhythm
neural networks
116
what do respiratory neurons in medulla control
inspiratory and expiratory muscles
117
what do neurons in the pons integrate
sensory info and interact with medullary neurons to influence ventillation
118
where does rhythmic pattern of breathing come from
neural network spontaneously discharging neurons
119
what is ventilation subject to
continuous modulation by chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor linked reflexes and high brain centers
120
dorsal respiratory group
to muscles of inspiration
121
what nerve activates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
122
what nerve activates intercostal muscles
intercostal nerve
123
sensory input from chemo and mechanoreceptors go to
the PONS
124
which two nerves fall under category of sensory input
vagus and glossopharyngeal
125
ventral respiratory group
basic pacemaker activity
126
what is VRG responsible for
greater-than-normal inspiration active expiration
127
what does the ventral respiratory group innervate
larynx, pharynx, and tongue
128
peripheral chemoreceptors
located in carotid bodies
129
what do peripheral chemoreceptors sense
changes in PO2,pH and PCO2
130
specialized glomus cells
dec PO2, inc pH, inc PCO2 increase in ventilation
131
O2 must fall below what value to trigger reflex
60 mmHg
132
central chemoreceptors
located in CNS
133
what do central chemoreceptors respond to changes in
PCO2
134
when arterial PCO2 increases, CO2 could do what
cross into brain ECF
135
what can change control of brainstem on breath rate and depth
cerebrum and hypothalamus
136
what can affect breathing rate and depth
limbic system
137
what can the limbic system directly bypass
brain stem
138
what cannot be overridden
chemoreceptor reflexes
139
cystic fibrosis
CFTR cl- channel is broken, mucus is clumpy trapping bacterial and offering grounds for infection
140
lymphatic system
removes excess water and fluid
141
