ch. 10 intelligence Flashcards
(23 cards)
what is intelligence?
- a personality trait, shaped by nurture + nature
- the ability to learn from and adapt to the environment
Darwin -> history of intelligence testing
Darwin’s Origin of the Species 1859 – beginning of psychology and intelligence. He suggested that animals and plants evolved through natural selection; this is a fact now.
Galton -> history of intelligence testing
Anthropomorphic Lab in London (1884); differences run in families; credited for first attempt to measure intelligence
Binet -> history of intelligence testing
Alfred Binet developed the Binet-Simon scale in Paris in 11905. test to measure kids’ intelligence to separate special ed kids + help overcrowded schools. Binet credited for developing the first modern intelligence scale
Binet-Simon scale
test for kids age 3-11, as they get older they can answer more questions. a one-on-one test. age norms (what the avg kid can do at each age)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1916)
- IQ = (MA/CA)*100
- Lewis Terman translated + normed for American kids
- invented the concept of mental age and intelligence quotient
- stopped using mental age approach bc intelligence should be a stable trait, whereas IQ changes with age
IQ formula
(mental age/chronological age) * 100
Army Alpha & Beta Tests (1917)
- US military was concerned ab recruiting hundreds of thousands of young men -> measure abilities to assign jobs, needed mass testing
- Alpha: first group test, verbal test. developed by universities, soldiers did poorly bc it was normed by urban/smart college students
- Beta: nonverbal test
What are the three Wechsler scales and the age range for each?
WAIS (age 16 and up) – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – one of the most widely used intelligence scales
WISC → (age 6-16) – Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
WPPSI → (age 4-6) – Wechsler Preschool and Primary (first grade) Scale of Intelligence
what are the three big ideas in psychometrics
Reliability, Validity, and Standardization
reliability (in measuring intelligence)
a test of intelligence should be consistent across your lifespan
* test-retest reliability
* split-half reliability
validity (in measuring intelligence)
- accuracy. reliability is necessary but not sufficient bc you also need validity
- a test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure
- content validity, criterion validity, construct validity
standardization (in measuring intelligence)
tests are administered under the same conditions (time limit, directions, etc); you can only compare people’s scores if they were tested in the same conditions
test-retest reliability
the consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice.
split-half reliability
if you divide your test into two random halves, get two sub-scores and correlate them, you should do equally well on half
criterion validity
- evaluates how accurately a test measures the outcome it was designed to measure.
- correlate the test w/ another measure of the same thing (ex: correlate SAT scores w/ college GPA)
what are 4 theories of intelligence?
Spearman, Thurstone, Guilford, and Gardner
What is the Spearman’s two factor theory of Intelligence?
intelligence has 2 components: a general intelligence (g) analogous to IQ, and many specialized abilities (s)
What is Thurstone’s theory of intelligence?
7 primary mental abilities in Thurstone’s model were verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning. you get a score for each ability
What is Guilford’s theory of intelligence?
5 content areas in which to apply mental powers x 6 products x 6 operators = over 180 abilities
What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal (ability to know urself), naturalistic (be a good gardener, cook, etc)
Arthur Jensen nature/nurture controversy
- 80 nature, 20 nurture
- if intelligence is mostly due to genes, why waste money on programs for poor kids? basically, people are poor BC they’re low IQ
how does test bias relate to validity?
A test is not considered biased simply because some students score higher than others. A test is considered biased when the scores of one group are significantly different and have higher predictive validity, which is the extent to which a score on an assessment predicts future performance, than another group.
