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psychology > ch. 9 personality > Flashcards

ch. 9 personality Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

what are Freud’s three structures of personality?

A

id, ego, superego

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2
Q

id

A
  • unconscious
  • basic impulses (sex, aggression); seeks immediate gratification regardless of consequences; impervious to reason + logic; immediate, irrational, impulsive
  • pleasure principle
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3
Q

ego

A
  • predominantly conscious
  • executive mediating b/w
  • reality principle
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4
Q

superego

A
  • morality principle
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5
Q

what are the 8 defense mechanisms

A

repression, rationalization, projection, displacement, regression, reaction formation, denial, sublimation

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6
Q

repression

A

common to all other mechanisms; forcing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and memories to unconscious awareness

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7
Q

rationalization

A

to seek a more favorable explanation for smth that you did

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8
Q

projection

A

imagining that your feelings are someone else’s feelings (also: looking up at the stars and seeing a hunter = projection of what you know)

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9
Q

displacement

A

shifting an emotion from the source to a safer target (ex: can’t take anger out at boss so u take it out on your family)

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10
Q

regression

A

going back to an earlier, safer time emotionally (ex: under extremely stressful situations, some people regress to infancy / fetal position)

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11
Q

reaction formation

A

doing the opposite of what your unconscious mind/id tells you to do; and actively going against it, stopping others as well (ex: a man w/ homosexual impulses lecturing ab the evils of homosexuality)

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12
Q

denial

A

refusing to accept/acknowledge some important fact/truth about yourself

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13
Q

sublimation

A

converting uncomfortable impulses into more socially acceptable behavior (ex: if you’ve been taught sex is immoral, taking that sex drive + channeling it into nude sculpture)

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14
Q

what are Freud’s 5 stages of sexual development?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital

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15
Q

oral stage

A
  • 0-2 years old
  • pleasure centers on mouth -> sucking, biting, chewing
  • inadequate breast-feeding could damage baby
  • Freud believed that cig/drug/food problems stemmed from oral fixation
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16
Q

anal stage

A
  • 2-3 years old
  • toilet training; pleasure focused on bladder + bowel elimination; control issues
  • anal retentive -> potty training was too harsh, so child focuses on order, might have OCD
  • anal expulsive -> training was nonexistent/too lax, so child becomes a hoarder, excessively disorganized
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17
Q

phallic stage

A
  • 3-7 years old
  • genital pleasure center; Oedipus and Electra complex
  • kids become interested in the differences b/w boys+girls
  • penis envy (little girls want to have a penis)
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18
Q

Oedipus and Electra Complexes

A

A girl (Electra) or boy (Oedipus) age 3-7 unconsciously is attracted to their opposite-sex parent and hostile to the parent of the same-sex
* Freud thought homosexuality was a result of this complex bc a child would identify w/ the same-sex parent

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19
Q

Latency / Non-stage

A
  • age 7 to puberty
  • sexual energy dormant, not interested in the other sex
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20
Q

genital stage

A
  • starting age 12/puberty
  • reawakened sexual instincts w/ the goal of reproduction
  • mature sexual relationships
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21
Q

how did Erik Erikson’s theory differ from Freud’s?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Freud -> only in childhood, emphasis on sexual factors
  • Erikson -> personality is shaped throughout ur lifespan, emphasis on social factors
22
Q

what school did Carl Jung found?

Study These Flashcards
A

the school of analytical psychology

23
Q

what was Carl Jung’s theory?

Study These Flashcards
A

collective unconscious mind: we have a collective unconscious mind which represents our shared ancestral past.
* elements of this collective unconscious mind include archetypes, mandala, and anima/animus

24
Q

Jung’s archetypes

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A
  • almost like a schema
  • our universally understood models of people, behaviors, personalities (ex: archetype of a hero, a god/goddess, good vs. evil)
25
mandala
* the same symbols appear in diff parts of the world * Joseph Campbell saw common underlying themes in stories from diff cultures (ex: virgin birth) * mandala = a concentric figure which represents the self striving for wholeness (concentric figures = wedding ring, cross, Jewish star, yin yang)
26
anima + animus
Jung said every person has a feminine+masculine side. anima = feminine side, animus = masculine side
27
the behavioral model of personality
personality is learned, through classical + operant conditioning, observational (social) learning (ex: if you're depressed, perhaps you were rewarded for it as a child)
28
humanistic model of personality
* Carl Rogers * people are intrinsically good, w/ an innate drive to make themselves better * unconditional positive regard + active listening
29
unconditional positive regard
according to carl rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. if ever person was raised like this by everyone, you could reach your full potential.
30
active listening
when you are fully aware and concentrate on what is being said rather than passively hearing what the speaker is trying to convey ex: if someone says "im upset", you just listen and repeat back what they say, not telling them what to think or feel
31
5 common responses to emotional communication (and which is the best?)
Reflect (aka active listening / THE BEST), evaluate, interpret, reassure, probe
32
how does biology affect personality (in animals and in people)?
* animals can be bred to have personality traits such as friendliness * gender differences can make men more physically aggressive (testosterone); hormones in pregnancy change personality
33
describe Jerome Kagen's work on shyness
A shy adult is more likely to have been high-reactive (fearful or excited by dangled object) in infancy than their bold and sociable counterparts, who were most likely low-reactive (non-responsive to dangled object) * shy people get agitated by novel stimuli + withdraw to protect from being overwhelmed
34
Identical Twin Studies (separated at birth)
identical twins who are reared apart had the same chance of being similar as twins who were raised together.
35
what are objective personality tests?
standard set of questions or statements to which the examinee responds using a fixed set of options and can be scored with an answer key
36
name the 4 objective personality tests
MMPI, 16-PF, MCMI, NEO-PI
37
MMPI
objective test. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. a psychological test (First personality test in US)that gives multiple scores for multiple traits. designed for clinical diagnoses. produces a profile, you look for scores outside the normal range
38
16-PF
objective test. 16 Personality Factors. they got 16 core personality factors, graph your scores
39
MCMI
objective test. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Ted Millon). supposedly a modernized + better version of the MMPI. designed for clinical populations, measures multiple traits
40
NEO-PI
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness (& Agreeableness & Conscientiousness) = "the big 5" personality dimensions
41
what are projective tests?
a psychological test in which words, images, or situations are presented to a person and the responses analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal.
42
what are the 5 projective tests?
Rorschach Ink Blot test, TAT, Incomplete sentence blank, word association test, draw-a-picture test
43
the Barnum effect
when you do/say smth that seems believable, people are likely to believe it. personality psychologists could accidentally do this
44
Rorschach ink blot test
projective test. A set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
45
TAT
projective test. Thematic Apperception Test. show a variety of ambiguous images (usually w/ 2 people), you describe what's happening (and what just happened, what will happen next), they look for themes in the stories you come up with
46
what are personality research measures?
approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions
47
name the 4 personality research measures
Type A/B, I/E Scale, Optimism/pessimism scale, Need for Achievement
48
Type A/B
research measure. Type A = high sense of time urgency, Type B = absence of Type A characteristics. invented by cardiologists who believed heart attacks were caused by stress (Type A people), taught them to relax + reduce risk of heart attack
49
I/E Scale
research measure. Internal/External locus of control. Julian Rotter. Internal - believes that they are in control of their own actions and believes that what happens is something they have caused External - what happens comes from outside their control, feel helpless in a stressful situation
50
optimism/pessimism scale
research measure. optimists do better in life. factors affecting this are parents, particularly the mother's optimism/pessimism
51
Need for Achievement (nAch)
research measure. people with high need achieve more. comes from parents.

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