ch. 7

Question 1

three time frames of memory are:

Answer 1

sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 2

sensory register

Answer 2

occurs in your senses (eyes, ears, nose, etc)

Question 3

tachistoscope

Answer 3

• Sperling’s research in the 60s
• slide projector projecting a slide with 9 letters for 1/20th of a second or quicker. on average, college students could identify 4-5 letters, showing how long their iconic memory was

Question 4

subliminal messaging

Answer 4

conscious brain doesn’t detect it

Question 5

iconic memory

Answer 5

• a momentary sensory visual memory
• lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 6

echoic memory

Answer 6

• a momentary sensory auditory memory
• if attention is elsewhere, sounds/words can still be recalled w/in 3-4 seconds

Question 7

eidetic imagery

Answer 7

• aka photographic memory
• total recall; knowing every detail of every memory

Question 8

short term memory

Answer 8

• 1 minute or less
• the workbench of memory -> you have to do smth w/ the info to store it or you lose it

Question 9

serial position effect

Answer 9

our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list

Question 10

primacy effect

Answer 10

earlier words are more easily remembered

Question 11

recency effect

Answer 11

later words are more easily remembered

Question 12

proactive interference →

Answer 12

when info is presented in a series, early words interfere with words coming after (ex: mom calls her last child using her first child’s name)

Question 13

retroactive interference ←

Answer 13

when info is presented in a series, later info interferes with what came before (ex: mom calls her first child using her last child’s name)

Question 14

very limited capacity - Miller, 1959

Answer 14

• STM can hold on avg 7 pieces of information, plus/minus 2
• the reason our phone numbers are 7 numbers

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

• organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• allows us to expand the capacity of memory

Question 16

2 possible evolutionary reasons for STM

Answer 16

language: need to hold on to what people are saying until they are done talking
the moment: to experience the moment, need to have a bit of the past and a prediction of the future

Question 17

long term memory (and what are the three types?)

Answer 17

memory longer than 1 minute, can last up to a lifetime
* episodic, semantic, procedural

Question 18

episodic memory (LTM)

Answer 18

personally experienced events; episodes of our lives

Question 19

semantic memory (LTM)

Answer 19

facts + abstract knowledge; takes work; need to take notes and review them, think ab them critically (ex: remembering math formulas)

Question 20

procedural memory (LTM)

Answer 20

skills + habits; sticks so long partially bc of muscle memory (ex: riding a bike, writing, playing an instrument)

Question 21

encoding (storage)

Answer 21

• moving info from STM to LTM
• shallow and deep processing techniques

Question 22

name and describe a shallow processing technique

Answer 22

maintenance rehearsal; repeating information to retain it, no meaning is added

Question 23

name 3 deep processing techniques

Answer 23

elaboration (elaborative rehearsal), organization, visual imagery

Question 24

elaboration (elaborative rehearsal)

Answer 24

thinking deeply ab information, putting it in context, to help encode it into LTM

Question 25

organization

Answer 25

organization of material in an easy-to-remember way

Question 26

visual imagery

Answer 26

remembering info bc you've made an effort to visualize it (mnemonic devices: method of loci, clustering, acrostics, acronyms, narrative story)

Question 27

mnemonic devices

Answer 27

techniques for using associations to memorize + retrieve information

Question 28

method of loci

Answer 28

a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

Question 29

acrostic

Answer 29

mnemonic device in which the first letters serve as cues for recalling information ex: Dear King Paul Cried Out For Good Soup

Question 30

clustering

Answer 30

mnemonic device; basically chunking; organizing items into related groups during recall from LTM

Question 31

acronym

Answer 31

mnemonic device; a word formed from the first letter of each word in a series (ex: YMCA, ROYGBIV, FACE)

Question 32

Wilder Penfield research

Answer 32

* American Canadian neurosurgeon who did surgery on a woman w/ a tumor in her brain * she was awake during surgery to ensure she didn't get unintentionally injured * he stuck electrodes in diff parts of her brain, in one specific spot she could hear her high school anthem as clear as day * possible that everything you ever knew is somewhere in your brain, you just can't access it

Question 33

what are 3 theories to explain forgetting

Answer 33

decay theory, interference theory, unconsciously motivated forgetting

Question 34

decay theory

Answer 34

neural decay; dendrites + synapses grow when forming a new memory, they die and memory trace fades+dies TL;DR: with the passage of time, memories may fade/erode

Question 35

interference theory

Answer 35

proactive + retroactive interference; people forget info bc of competition from other material

Question 36

unconsciously motivated (active) forgetting

Answer 36

* Freudian repression * when we forget/misremember things ex: you forgot to call someone bc deep down you didn't want to talk to them

Question 37

Freudian slip

Answer 37

slip of the tongue that you might claim as an accident but was actually unconsciously motivated

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

* can be complete or partial * forgetting all or part of the past * loss of episodic memory (details of their life) but still have semantic + procedural knowledge

Question 39

anterograde amnesia

Answer 39

* inability to form new memories * remembering the past but unable to learn anything new

Question 40

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 40

her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts ab the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

Question 41

schema

Answer 41

mental framework/outline

Question 42

reconstructive memory

Answer 42

memory is not a perfect recording of events that occurred; rather, we reconstruct our memories around pre-existing biases (always possibly making an error) and around our pre-existing schemas

Question 43

eye-witness testimony story

Answer 43

* a professor arranged for a guy to fun into class shouting, shoot the teacher, and leave * he then got up and told them to write down the details of what they remember of what just happened * they couldn't remember any details, all focused on the gun

Question 44

implanted memory study

Answer 44

* showed movie to students of a car going down a road + colliding with another car at an intersection * asked ab the car's speed passing "the barn" → people gave a speed even tho there was no barn * asked "was there a barn" + "what color was the barn" → people imagined whatever they thought a barn looked like (their own schema) * using the word "crashed" brought up descriptions of broken glass, triggering the schema for a car crash, as opposed to the neutral word "collided"

Question 45

confabulation

Answer 45

creating a false memory

Question 46

false memory recovered in therapy

Answer 46

therapist may be trying to recover a memory but instead the patient develops a false memory

Question 47

ENGRAM study w/ Planaria (1962)

Answer 47

Planaria that were split and regenerated only turned right after the original was taught to turn right. Shows muscle memory.

Question 48

Eric Kandel's work w/ Aplysia

Answer 48

Concluded memory involves gene expression. Learning and memory are extensions of the developmental process. * when you learn smth new, a gene is turned on -> creates a new protein