ch. 11 development

Question 1

definition of development

Answer 1

the study of growth and change over time

Question 2

original sin

Answer 2

The goal of childbearing is to save the child by driving out the primitive, animalistic, and self-centered things. Many traditional religions include baptizing the child to save them from original sin.

Question 3

tabula rasa

Answer 3

the theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

Question 4

innate goodness

Answer 4

children are born without any predisposed sin or evil nature.

Question 5

noble savage theory

Answer 5

a theory developed by Jean Jacques Rousseau, that man in his natural state is good

Question 6

nature vs nurture in development

Answer 6

• nature: biology, genetics, inborn
• nurture: learning, environment, acquired
• in the womb, genes are turned on or off, depending on what the mother does, eats, etc

Question 7

developmental continuity vs dicontinuity

Answer 7

continuous development occurs gradually over time (ex: bonding w/ a baby from day one)
discontinuous is when each stage abruptly changes into the next (ex: caterpillar to butterfly)

Question 8

cross-sectional research vs longitudinal research

Answer 8

In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

Question 9

fluid & crystallized intelligence

Answer 9

• John Horn, 1980
• Fluid intelligence = abstract reasoning + speeded performance. language, math, etc
• crystallized intelligence = knowledge acquired through one’s culture including verbal ability and social knowledge. ability to apply previous learning to new situations
• fluid intelligence decreases, crystallized increases over lifespan

Question 10

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development (and the ages)?

Answer 10

Zygote 0-2 wks -> cells divide + differentiate
Embryo 2-8 wks
Fetus 2-9 months

Question 11

teratogen

Answer 11

any agent that may cause a birth defect

Question 12

what were the teratogens mentioned in lecture?

Answer 12

radiation, Zika, alcohol (FAS), aspirin (respiratory problems), heavy metals like lead + mercury, Vitamin A (cleft palate), Vitamin D, thalidomide (no limbs), rubella (blindness/deafness)

Question 13

three advantages of breastfeeding over bottlefeeding

Answer 13

1. boosts baby’s immune system (mother gives immunity)
2. have higher IQ
3. bonds baby to mother

Question 14

Freud’s oral gratification

Answer 14

Freud thought that the strong bond b/w mother + baby was because of oral gratification

Question 15

Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) Contact Comfort

Answer 15

• monkeys raised in isolation
• concluding the physical holding and touching is more important in bonding than the food dependency, their theory beat Freud’s theory because it ran to mother figure, not feeder. Baby bonded to mother like doll because contact comfort was more important

Question 16

Konrad Lorenz -> imprinting

Answer 16

• ducks imprint and follow the first moving thing they see after hatching.
• Critical period (36 hrs), animals must figure out mother in order to survive
• human babies imprint on mother’s voice, smell, etc

Question 17

Erik Erikson Trust vs Mistrust (1968)

Answer 17

Babies need to form a sense of trust in their primary caregiver (or they form a sense of mistrust)
* age 0-2
* develop trust by bonding w/ mother, having their needs met

Question 18

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test of Secure and Insecure attachment

Answer 18

• like an IQ test, is a test given to kids age 3-4 to measure their security
• Securely attached child will be upset that mom left but engage with new caregiver, and show happiness when mother returns
  Insecure child whines and fusses when mom leaves, and wont interact with babysitter and wont settle down, when mom returns they may show anger, may be affected later on when they cant interact well with relationships/teachers/friends

Question 19

Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development

Answer 19

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 20

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 20

1. sensorimotor, 0-2 (object permanence)
2. preoperational, 2-7 (symbolic reasoning)
3. concrete operational, 7-12 (think logically ab concrete events)
4. formal operational, 12+ (abstract/hypothetical thinking)

Question 21

assimilation

Answer 21

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. they fit in our existing schemas

Question 22

accomodation

Answer 22

if new info doesn’t fit, we modify our existing schemas. like creating a new folder (mistake, misunderstanding)

Question 23

schema

Answer 23

a framework; a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 24

egocentrism

Answer 24

all people are self-centered; babies don’t know that others have needs

Question 25

Erikson's 8 stages/crises + ages

Answer 25

1. trust vs. mistrust (0-2) infant 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-4) toddler 3. initiative vs. guilt (4-6) early school 4. industry vs. inferiority (6-12) middle school 5. identity vs. role confusion (12-22) adolescent 6. intimacy vs. isolation (22-34) early adolescent 7. generativity vs. stagnation (34-60) middle adult 8. integrity vs. despair (60&up) late adult

Question 26

initiative

Answer 26

active exploration of the environment

Question 27

industry

Answer 27

an eagerness to build skills + perform meaningful work

Question 28

intimacy

Answer 28

the ability to experience open and supportive relationships w/o fear of losing one's own identity

Question 29

Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development

Answer 29

1. Preconventional (4-10): morality guided by punishment+rewards 2. Conventional (early adolescence): internalize rules+laws 3. Post Conventional: morality guided by internal moral code (as few as 25% reach this level of moral reasoning)