ch 14 lymphatic system Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
-cytosis
A
condition of cells; slight increase in numbers
2
Q
-edema
A
swelling
3
Q
-globulin
A
protein
4
Q
-megaly
A
enlargement
5
Q
-oid
A
resembling; originating from
6
Q
-oma
A
tumor; mass; fluid collection
7
Q
-pathy
A
disease; emotion
8
Q
-penia
A
deficiency
9
Q
-phylaxis
A
protection
10
Q
-poiesis
A
formation
11
Q
-stitial
A
pertaining to standing or positioned
12
Q
-suppression
A
stopping
13
Q
2 types of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
A
follicular lymphoma & large cell lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are mostly B-cell lymphomas and rarely T-cell malignancies.
14
Q
Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
A
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
15
Q
The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them.
EX…Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
A
adaptive immunity
16
Q
Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.
A
adenoids
17
Q
AIDS
A
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
18
Q
Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction; a type of antigen.
A
allergen
19
Q
____reactions occur when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen), reacts violently to a subsequent exposure.
A
Allergic
(all/o = other)
20
Q
hay fever (caused by pollen or animal dander)
A
allergic rhinitis
21
Q
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen.
A
allergy
22
Q
an agent
A
allergen
23
Q
ana-
A
up; apart; backward; again, anew
24
Q
Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance. The suffix -phylaxis means protection.
This is an unusual hypersensitivity to previously encountered foreign proteins or other antigens. Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure can be life-threatening.
A
anaphylaxis
25
Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens.
antibody
26
Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. Most ____ are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.
antigen
27
APC
`a`ntigen-`p`resenting `c`ell
28
`Absence` of a spleen. The `condition` may be congenital or result from surgical removal.
asplenia
29
(pollens, dust, molds)
asthma
30
(rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals). Atopic means related to atopy, a hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition. A person who is atopic is prone to allergies
atopic dermatitis
31
Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek atopia, meaning strangeness.
atopy
32
auto-
self, own
33
Condition in which the immune system (antibodies) attacks nomal, healthy cells, producing chronic, disabling diseases.. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
autoimmune disease
34
Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).
axillary nodes
35
axillo
armpit
36
Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bone marrow, which is where B cells most often originate.
B cell (B lymphocyte)
37
Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin.
candidiasis
38
`c`himeric `a`ntigen `r`ecep`t`ors; activated in laboratory to fight cancer cells
CAR-T cells
39
Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS.
CD4+ cell count
40
Helper T cells - that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
CD4+ cells
41
cytotoxic T cell
CD8+ cell
42
T cells (cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity.
cell-mediated immunity
43
cervic/o
neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
44
Lymph nodes in the neck region.
cervical nodes
45
CMV
`c`yto`m`egalo`v`irus—causes `opportunistic` AIDS-related infection
46
Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.
complement system
47
X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures.
computed tomography (CT) scan
48
Crypto
`Crypto`coccus—causes `opportunistic` AIDS-related infection
49
Yeast-like fungus (Cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil.
cryptococcal infection (Crypto)
50
Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. The pathogen, `Cryptosporidium`, is a `one-celled organism` commonly found in farm animals.
cryptosporidiosis
51
Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction.
Ex...interferons and interleukins.
cytokines
52
Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised.
cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
53
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell.
cytotoxic T cell
54
Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack.
dendritic cell
55
ELISA
`E`nzyme-`l`inked `i`mmuno`s`orbent `a`ssay—test to detect anti-HIV antibodies. A screening test.
56
Examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are ____ & ____.
zidovudine and lamivudine (Epivir).
57
composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement.
follicular lymphoma
58
G-CSF
`g`ranulocyte `c`olony-`s`timulating `f`actor—cytokine that promotes neutrophil production
59
GM-CSF
`g`ranulocyte-`m`acrophage `c`olony-`s`timulating `f`actor—cytokine secreted by macrophages to promote growth of myeloid progenitor cells and their differentiation to granulocytes
60
HAART
`h`ighly `a`ctive `a`nti`r`etroviral `t`herapy—use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
61
This treatment has, in many cases, eliminated HIV infection in AIDS patients.
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
62
Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells; CD4+ T cell.
helper T cell
63
Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis.
herpes simplex
64
Histo
`histoplasmosis`—fungal infection seen in AIDS patients
65
Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings.
histoplasmosis (Histo)
66
HIV
`h`uman `i`mmuno`d`eficiency `v`irus—causes AIDS
67
CD4+ cells, containing the CD4 protein antigen.
HIV destroys helper T cells also known as ____
68
(caused by food or drugs)
hives
69
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. This disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy.
Hodgkin lymphoma
70
HSV
`h`erpes `s`implex `v`irus
71
Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS. Retroviruses are a class of viruses that have RNA, instead of DNA, as their genetic material.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
72
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity.
humoral immunity
73
hyper-
above; excessive
74
Syndrome marked by splenomegaly and often associated with blood cell destruction (hemolysis), anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
hypersplenism
75
IEC
`i`mmuno`e`ffector `c`ells activated to defend the body in immune response.
76
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
immunoglobulins
77
IL1 to IL38
interleukins
78
immun/o
protection; immune; safe
79
Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity. The word immunity comes from Latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from.
immunity
80
Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD). This procedure detects the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
immunoelectrophoresis
81
Protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.
immunoglobulin
82
Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.
immunoglobulins
83
Blocking or turning off the normal immune response. This may occur because of exposure to drugs (corticosteroids) or as the result of disease (AIDS and cancer). Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to infection with fungi, Pneumocystis bacteria, and other pathogens.
immunosuppression
84
Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease.
immunotherapy
85
inguin/o
groin
86
Lymph nodes in the groin region.
inguinal nodes
87
inter-
between
88
inter-
between
89
Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response.
interferons
90
Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes.
interleukins
91
Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries. The suffix -stitial means pertaining to standing or positioned.
interstitial fluid
92
Malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by a herpesvirus called human herpesvirus 8.
Kaposi sarcoma
93
KS
`K`aposi `s`arcoma
94
KSHV
`K`aposi `s`arcoma `h`erpes`v`irus; herpesvirus 8
95
composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely.
large cell lymphoma
96
Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin lympha means clear spring water.
lymph
97
Tiniest lymphatic vessels.
lymph capillaries
98
Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection.
lymph node
99
Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest.
lymph vessel
100
lymph/o
lymph
101
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
102
Inflammation of lymph nodes.
lymphadenitis
103
Disease of lymph nodes. (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. The diagnosis often is made by identifying a type of malignant cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) in the lymph nodes.
lymphadenopathy
104
Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph. Interstitial fluid collects within the spaces between cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy may destroy lymphatics and produce lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatment (Figure 14-11).
lymphedema
105
Type of white blood cell (leukocyte) found in lymph nodes and blood; part of the immune system that fights disease.
lymphocyte
106
Deficiency of lymphocytes.
lymphocytopenia
107
Increase in numbers of lymphocytes in the blood.
lymphocytosis
108
Gives rise to lymphocytes or to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. The suffix -oid means resembling or derived from. Lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.
lymphoid
109
Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Tonsils and adenoids are other examples of lymphoid organs.
lymphoid organs
110
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue.
lymphoma
111
Formation of lymphocytes.
lymphopoiesis
112
Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow.
macrophage
113
MAI
`M`ycobacterium `a`vium-`i`ntracellulare (MAI) complex—group of pathogens that cause lung and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients
114
Kaposi sarcoma & lymphoma, Wasting syndrome
Malignancies associated with AIDS are ____ (a cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark-purplish skin nodules) and ____ (cancer of lymph nodes). ____, is marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity, also may occur with AIDS
115
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity.
mediastinal nodes
116
Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region).
mesenteric nodes
117
MoAb
`mo`noclonal `a`nti`b`ody
118
Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy.
monoclonal antibody
119
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells. This is a tumor composed of plasma cells (antibody-producing B lymphocytes) associated with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins, usually IgG.
multiple myeloma
120
Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection
121
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.
natural immunity
122
NHL
`n`on-`H`odgkin `l`ymphoma
123
Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma.
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
124
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called ____ because HIV lowers resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are easily otherwise contained by normal defenses.
opportunistic infections
125
Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body.
paraaortic nodes
126
PCP
`P`neumo`c`ystis `p`neumonia—`opportunistic` AIDS-related infection
127
Persons who were exposed to HIV and now have antibodies in their blood against this virus are ____.
HIV-positive
128
PI
`p`rotease `i`nhibitor
129
Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes. (Antibody-producing B lymphocytes)
plasma cell
130
One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of several antibiotics, or pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent occurrence of PCP.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
131
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV. Other antiretroviral drugs are entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors.
protease inhibitor
132
A diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is made by identifying a type of malignant cell called a _____.
Reed-Sternberg cell
133
retro-
behind; back; backward
134
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
135
Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck.
right lymphatic duct
136
RTI
`r`everse `t`ranscriptase` i`nhibitor—for example, zidovudine (Retrovir) or lamivudine (Epivir)
137
SCID
`s`evere `c`ombined `i`mmunodeficiency `d`isease
138
immunodeficiency disorder that is present at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lack of immunity. The thymus is small, and children have little or no protection against infection.
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID).
139
reverse transcriptase (RT).
Some drugs that are used to treat AIDS are inhibitors of the viral enzyme called ____.
140
Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
spleen
141
splen/o
spleen
142
Removal of the spleen.
splenectomy
143
Enlargement of the spleen. Note that the combining form for spleen contains only one e.
splenomegaly
144
involves assessing the extent of spread of the disease. Lymph node biopsies, laparotomy with liver and lymph node biopsies, and splenectomy may be necessary for staging.
staging of Hodgkin lymphoma
145
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
suppressor T cell
146
an extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body, leading to fall in blood pressure (hypotension), shock, respiratory distress, and edema (swelling) of the larynx.
systemic anaphylaxis
147
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens.
T cell (T lymphocyte)
148
Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck.
thoracic duct
149
thym/o
thymus gland
150
Removal of the thymus gland.
thymectomy
151
Tumor of the thymus gland. Thymoma is associated with myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder.
thymoma
152
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.
thymus gland
153
Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells.
tolerance
154
Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx.
tonsils
155
tox/o
poison
156
Pertaining to a toxin (a poisonous or harmful substance).
toxic
157
Poison or harmful substance.
toxin
158
Toxo
toxoplasmosis—parasitic infection associated with AIDS
159
Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures. Pathogen (Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables.
toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
160
Treg
`reg`ulatory `T `cell (suppressor T cell)
161
Bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum.
tuberculosis (TB)
162
Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow—the first inoculations were given with organisms that caused the disease cowpox to produce immunity to smallpox.
vaccination
163
Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. This results in adaptive immunity.
vaccine
164
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream. Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA (nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.
viral load test
165
is another disorder of malignant B cells. This disease involves B cells that produce large quantities of IgM (a globulin of high molecular weight). Increased IgM concentration impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome (thickening of the blood).
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
166
Weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS.
wasting syndrome
167
Specific test to detect presence of anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream.
Western blot test
