4 forms of energy
Chemical: Stored in bonds
Electrical: Movement of charged particles
Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant: Travels in waves
4 major elements in the human body
HONC: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon
Mass number
Protons + Neutrons
Atomic weight
Average of all Isotopes
Compound
2 or more diferent molecules combined
3 types of mixture
Solution (homogeneous)
Colloid (hetrogeneous)
Susoension (hetrogeneous)
Solution
Transparent and the same throughout. Contain solvent (liquid) and solute (what is desolved).
Avogadro’s number
6.02X10<23
Colloids
Emulsions. clear or milky, larger solutes, scatter light. Do not settle
Suspentions
Hetrogeneous.Large visible solutes that settle.
Ionic Bond
Complete transfer of electrons, charged particles form
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal sharing of electons, slight - charge at one end and slight + at the other end. (water is polar)
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons, charges ballance.
Chemical reaction
Whenever bonds are formed broken or rearanged
Reduction - Oxydation Reactions
Reduction: Gains electron
Oxidation: Donated electron
3 chemical reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange
Synthesis
Construction, anabolic activities
Decomposition
Degradative or catabolic process in the body
Exchange
Both decomp and synthesis together
Factors affecting chemical reactions
Temperature
Concentration
Particle Size
Catalysts
Organic vs. inorganic compounds
Orgainic: Contain Carbon
Inorganinc: No Carbon
Water
Universal solvant (Polar)
Heat capacity
Vaporization
Reactivity : Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Salt
An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and an ions other than (OH-)
Electrolytes
All Ions, conduct current in solution.
Acids
Release H+, proton donors
Base
Take H+, proton acceptors
Strong acids
Disasociate completely and irreversible in water
Weak acids
Acids that do not completely disociate
Why is carbon special?
It is electronuetral
It has 4 vallance electrons
Types of carbohydrates
Monsaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate functions
Provides ready easy to use cellular fuel.
APT is synthesized during its breakdown.
Lipids
Fats and oils, Include:
Triglicerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Triglicerides
(natural fats) fats when solid and oil when liquid. Composed of 3 fatty acid chains and gyicerol. Major source of stored energy, protect and insulate organs.
Phospholipids
2 fatty acid chains with a phosphorous cantaining group (head). Builds cellular membranes.
Steroids
Flat molecule made of 4 interlocking rings. Most important is cholesterol. In cell membrane, Vit D synthesis and hormone production.
Eicosanoids
Must get arachidonic acid in your diet to make this 20 chain fatty acid. Leukotrienes: Involved with the coordinating of responses to injury and disease. Prostoglandens: blood clotting, BP, inflammation and labor contractions
Proteins
Compose 10-30% of cells and play a vital role in cell function.
Amino Acids
The building blocks for proteins. Can be and acid or a base and are all identical except for the R groups.
Protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Fiberous Proteins
Structural proteins have extended strandlike shape. Can denature.
Globular Proteins
Functional Proteins have comppact spherical shape. Stable
DNA Bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
RNA Bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
ATP
Released during glucose catabolism. Proforms cellular work.
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
Element
Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
Isotope
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neurons.
Radioisotopes
Unstable nuclei, spontaneously give break down and give off subatomic particles or radiation.
Atomic mass
The actual mass of an atom of a specific isotope
Mole
A specific quantity : Avogadro’s number
The atoms of elements that are most important to biological systems are ________.
Unstable
Inert elements
Do not readily participate in chemical processes.
Reactive elements
Unfilled outermost energy levels such as hydrogen and lithium.
3 types of chemical bonds:
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Compound
Pure chemical substance made up of two or more elements in fixed proportions, regardless of the type of chemical bond joining them
Molecule
Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by shared electrons
_____ _____of a molecule or compound is the sum of the atomic weights of it’s component atoms.
Molecular weight
Ion
atom that has electrical charge
Cation
Atom with a (+) positive charge
Anion
Atom with (-) negative charge
Covalent bonds
When atoms bond by sharing electrons
Free radical
An atom or electron that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.
Polar covalent bonds
An unequal sharing of electrons. (polar bears don’t like to share)
Nonpolar covalent bonds
An equal sharing of electrons
Hydrogen bonds
An attraction (weak force) between a slight positive charge and slight negitive charge
Hydrolysis
Breaking a bond by adding H2O
Dehydration synthesis
Creating a bond by removing H2O
_______ promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
Enzymes
Catalyst
Class of substances that speed up chemical reactions with out themselves being changed-enzymes are a type of catalyst
Properties of water
Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrication
A solution with a pH of 7 is said to be _______, because it contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
neutral
A solution with a pH below 7 is _______, meaning that is contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
acidic
A pH above 7 is said to be _____ or ______, meaning there are more hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions.
basic or alkaline
Weak acid and weak bases
Do not completely dissociate in water
Strong acids and bases:
Do completely dissociate in water
Buffer
Compound that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Functions of triglycerides
Insulate
Protect
Provides energy reserve
3 things that influence the speed or rate of chemical reactions:
Temperature
Concentration of reactants
Presence of catalyst
Building block of proteins
Amino acids
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleic acids
7 functions of proteins
Support Movement Transport Buffering Metabolic regulation Coordination and control Defense
Cellulose
Polyssaccharide that id the structural component in many plants. Cannot be digested by our bodies but supplies bulk for our digestive tract.
Starch
Polysaccharide formed from glucose molecules, most are manufactured by plants. Can be digested by humans.
Glycogen
Polysaccharide, animal starch, has many side branches of chines of glucose molecules.
________ are large lipid molecules that share a distinctive four-ring carbon framework.
Steroids
Helps maintain the cells plasma membrane and aids in cell growth and division
Steroid hormones include estrogen, testosterone (sex hormones), and corticosteroids (protein metabolism) and calcitril (Calcuim ion regulation)
__________, ___________, and __________ are called structural lipids because they help form and maintain intracellular structures-membranes
Cholesterol, phosphorous, glycolipids
5 parts of an amino acid
Central carbon Hydrogen atom Amino group Carboxyl group R group
Peptide bond
Covalent bold that amino acids together.
Join the carboxyl group to the amino group
Cofactor
An ion or molecule that must bind ti an enzume before the substrate can also bind (cofactors are a nonprotien organic molecule that can function ad a cofactor)
DNA structure
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose (Sugar)
RNA Structure
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Ribose (sugar)