ANS Ch 16

Question 1

ANS

Answer 1

System of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. Also called involuntary or visceral motor system.

Question 2

Two neuron chain

Answer 2

ANS uses two neurons to reach the effector unlike the CNS that uses only one

Question 3

Preganglionic neuron

Answer 3

First neuron whose body lies lies within the brain or spinal cord, it synapses with the second motor neuron.

Question 4

Post ganglioninc neuron

Answer 4

Second motor neuron whose cell body is within the autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.

Question 5

2 autonomic neurotransmitters

Answer 5

Acetylcholine

Epi and Nor Epi

Question 6

Autonomic postganglionic fibers release?

Answer 6

Epi and Nor Epi

Secreted by most sympathetic fibers

Question 7

Parasympathetic fibers release

Answer 7

ACh

Question 8

Dual Innervation

Answer 8

Two divisions of the ANS–sympathetic and parasympathetic–balance each other out
Some organs only receive sympathetic stimulation but vital organs have both.

Question 9

Parasympathetic

Answer 9

Rest and digest:
Craniosacral: originate in brain and sacrum
Long preganglion short post ganglion fibers
Ganglion are close to organ served

Question 10

Sympathetic

Answer 10

Fight or flight:
Thoracolumbar: originate in thoracic and lumbar
Short preganglion and long post ganglion fibers
Ganglion are close to spinal cord

Question 11

Cranial Part

Answer 11

Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

Question 12

Oculomotor nerve

Answer 12

Innervated the smooth muscles of the eye that causes the pupil to constrict and lens to bulge. Synapse in the ciliary ganglia

Question 13

Facial nerves

Answer 13

Activate nasal glands and lacrimal glands: pterygopalatine ganglia
Stimulate sublingual salivary glands: submandibular ganglia

Question 14

Glossopharyngeal nerves

Answer 14

Synapse in the otic ganglia. Activate parotid salivary glands anterior to the ears

Question 15

Vagus Nerve

Answer 15

Account for 75% or preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and innervate virtually every thoracic and abdominal oregan

Question 16

Sacral Part

Answer 16

Serves pelvic organs and distal half of the intestines. S1-S4 forn the pelvic splanchnic nerves.

Question 17

Sympathetic Division

Answer 17

Arise from T1 - L2,

Thoracolumbar division

Question 18

3 locations of sympathetic ganglionic neurons

Answer 18

Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral) 
Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)
Adrenal medulla (release neurotransmitters into the blood stream)

Question 19

Cholinergic fibers

Answer 19

Fibers that release ACh, effects are always excititory

Question 20

Adernergic fibers

Answer 20

Fibers that release NE,

Question 21

Cholinergic receptors

Answer 21

ACh binding receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic

Question 22

Nicotinic Receptors

Answer 22

Ach receptor
Affects are always stimulatory
Found on all postganglionid neurons both sympathetic and parasymathetic
Neuromuscular junctions

Question 23

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 23

Ach receptor
Either inhibitory or stimulatory
Cardiac=slows
Smoth muscle=increases

Question 24

Adenergic receptors

Answer 24

NE Binding Receptors
Alpha
Beta

Question 25

NE and Epinephrine

Answer 25

Can be either excitatory or inhibitory | depending on target organ

Question 26

Sympathetic or vosomotor tone

Answer 26

Partial continual blood vessal constriction, dilate slightly and constrict slightly to maintain BP

Question 27

Parasympetheitc tone

Answer 27

Slows heart rate and dictates normal activity in the digestive and urinary tracts

Question 28

Uniquely sympathetic functions

Answer 28

Thermoregulatory responce to heat Release of Renin from Kidneys Metobolic rate regulation

Question 29

Localized affects

Answer 29

Parasympatheitc only has localized affects

Question 30

Localized and Diffuse affects

Answer 30

Parasympathetic is both NE is not hydrolysed as fast as ACh NE and Epinephrine are released into the boold streem by the Adrenal glands and have a longer lasting effect.

Question 31

Brain stem and spinal cord controls

Answer 31

Most direct influence over ANS

Question 32

Hypothalammus

Answer 32

"Boss" Acting through the ANS it coordinated heart activity, BP, body temp, water ballance and endocrine activity. When there is an emotional sterss signal from limbic system the hypothalamas activates the ANS

Question 33

Bio Feedback

Answer 33

Becoming aware of physiological conditions with the goal of continual influence

Question 34

Visceral relexes

Answer 34

Have two neurons in motor componant

Question 35

Alpha

Answer 35

a 1 are the most common: stimulate G protein activation and cause a realease of intracellular calcium from ER a2 results with lowering cyclic - AMP in the cytoplasm

Question 36

Beta

Answer 36

Effects skeletal muscles, heart, lungs, and liver. G protein activation increases the cyclic- AMP in the cytoplasm B1: increases metabolic activity B2: causes inhibition respiratory passageways dilate B3: lipolysis

Question 37

3 collateral ganglia

Answer 37

ciliac superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric

Question 38

Sympathetic Division Summary

Answer 38

2 sets of chain ganglia- on each side of spinal cord 3 collateral ganglia- one anterior and two to the adrenal medulla Preganglionic fibers are short Post ganglionic fibers are longer All preganglionic neurons release Ach Most post ganglionic neurons release NE but a few release Ach or NO.

Question 39

Two types of parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 39

Terminal: located near the target tissue Intramural: embedded in the target tissue

Question 40

4 cranial ganglia of the parasympathetic

Answer 40

Pterygopalatine Ciliary Submandibulr Otic

Question 41

Summary of the Parasympathetic Division

Answer 41

Visceral motor nuclei associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral segments S1-S4 Ganglia are located proximal or in the target organ All parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic Contain either Nicotinic receptors or Muscarinic receptors (excitement of inhibition) Stimulation is breif and restricted to specific organs

Question 42

6 autonomic plexus'

Answer 42

``` cardiac pulmonary esophageal ciliac inferior mesenteric hypogastric ```

Question 43

Autonomic tone

Answer 43

Background level of activity in which both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate. This provides a grater range of control options because of the opposing effects of the two systems. Small amounts of Ach and NE are released contimuously.

Question 44

Visceral reflex arc

Answer 44

Consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a processing center (one or more interneurons) and two visceral motor neurons. Long reflex: the processing step involves an interneuron within the CNS Short reflex: Bypass the CNS - synapse in autonomic ganglia outside the spinal cord

Question 45

Cellular mechanisms of memory formation

Answer 45

Increase in neurotransmitters Facilitation at synapse Formation of additional synaptic connections