Anatomy
Structure
Physiology
Function
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
The study of large structures visible to the naked eye: Regional, Systemic & Surface.
Regional
Studying structures according to region (abd pelvis chect ect.)
Systemic anatomy
Studying system by stetem, (cardiovascular,respiratory reproductive ect.)
Surface
Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin.
Microscopic anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye: Cytology and Histology.
Cytology
The cells in the body
Histology
The study of tissues
Develoopmental biology
Traces structural changes that occure throughout the life span. (embryology ia a subdivision)
Levels of organization
Chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism
Necessary Life functions
Maintianing boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
Survival needs
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temp Normal atmosphereic pressure
Homeostasis
Maintaining stable internal conditions inspite of changing external conditions.
Variable
The factor being regulated
3 Homeostaic controls
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Receptor
Sensor that monitors the enviroment and responds to changes.
Control Center
Determins the set point, level or range that the variable is maintained.
Effector
Provides the means for the control centers responce to the stimuli
Negitive feed back mechanisms
The output shuts off the original effect of the stimuli or reduces it’s intensity. Maintian a range
Positive feed back mechanisms
Enhances the original stimuli so that the responce is accelerated. Push pash a range
2 functional divisions of our body
Axial an appendicular
3 planes
Coronal
Transverse
Sagittal
Midsagittal Plane
Vertical plane that devides the body into left and right sides
Coronal Plane
Vertiacal plane, divides body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior
Dorsal Body Cavity
Crainal and vertebral/spinal cavities.
Ventral Body Cavity
Thorasic and Abdominopelvic cavities
9 abdominal quadrants
R hypochondriac, Epigastric, L hypochondriac, R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar, R iliac (inguinal), hpogastric (pubic), L iliac (inguinal)
Membranes in Ventral cavity
Serosa: thin double layered memnbrne
Parietal Serosa: Lining the cavity walls
Vicceral Serosa: Covering the organs in the cavity
What is the oldest medical science
Anatomy- “cutting open”
Principle of complementary structure and function
All specific functions are performed by specific structures
What is the boundary from microscopic anatomy to microscopic anatomy
At the organ level
Name the physiology specialities
Cell physiology
Organ physiology
System physiology
Pathophysiology
Scientific method
System of advancing knowledge:
Posing a hypothesis to answer a question
Testing the hypothesis with data collected with observation and experiment
Homeostatic regulation
The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
Autoregulation
A process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system responds to some environmental change
Extrinsic regulation
A process that results from activities of the nervous system or endocrine system in response to environmental changes
Nervous response vs. endocrine response time
Nervous = rapid-short term Endocrine = may not be immediate-may last for days/weeks
What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
Negative feedback: provides long term control over the bodies internal conditions and systems
In _________, an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.
Positive feed back
When is a positive feedback typically found in the body?
When a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis
Astate of ________ exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance.
Equilibrium
True body cavities are:
closed, fluid-filled and lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane
Two functions of body cavities in the trunk:
Protect organs from shock and impact
Permit changes in size and shape or the internal organs
Viscera
Internal organs that are enclosed by body cavities.
Visceral serosa
Membrane that covers the visceral organs
Parietal Serosa
Membrane that lines the body wall