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CLS 304 > CH. 3 & 6 > Flashcards

CH. 3 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the 1st clinical sample examined

A

urine

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2
Q

how was albumin found

A

boiling urine

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3
Q

who created the 1st medical licensure laws

A

charlatans/”pisse prophets”

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4
Q

in the 17th century what did the microscope do for urine examination

A

evaluation of sediment

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5
Q

what became part of routine physical in 1827

A

urine evaluation

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6
Q

what test is a fluid biopsy of the kidney

A

urinalysis

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7
Q

true or false: urine is readily available and easily collected

A

true

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8
Q

what are the factors of pre examination of urine

A

collection
handling
preservation

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9
Q

what time of urine collection would be for a routine UA sample

A

first morning

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10
Q

what is a suffiencient vol of urine for UA

A

50 mL

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11
Q

what is a min vol of urine for automated methods

A

4 ml to 15 ml

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12
Q

when should a UA be performed after voiding

A

30 min to 2 hours

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13
Q

why are dip sticks performed at room temp

A

they are enzymatic

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14
Q

how would you collect a baby’s urine

A

disposable pediatric bag

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15
Q

what kind of instructions do you have to give to a pt collecting urine

A

oral and written

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16
Q

true or false: the location of the pt needs to be on the urine collected

A

true

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17
Q

true or false: the ID # needs to be on the urine collected

A

true

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18
Q

true or false: the requesting physician needs to be on the urine collected

A

true

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19
Q

true or false: the diagnosis needs to be on the urine collected

A

true

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20
Q

what % of urine is water

A

95-96%

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21
Q

what % of urine is urea metabolic waste

A

> 50%

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22
Q

what enzyme would you want to prevent in urine

A

urease

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23
Q

function of urease

A

breaks down urea

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24
Q

what is the best method of preservation of urine

A

refrigeration

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25
Q

what kind of urine preservation will interfere with pH but is ok for culture

A

boric acid

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26
Q

what kind of urine preservation is good for sediment not chemical

A

formalin

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27
Q

what kind of urine preservation inhibits glycolysis

A

sodium flouride

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28
Q

true or false: you can use sodium fluoride with glucose oxidase reagent strip

A

false

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29
Q

what kind of urine preservation is used for microscopic examination

A

weak acid

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30
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine color darkens

A

breakdown of chromogen

31
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine has an odor

A

bacterial growth and decomposition

32
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine clarity decreases

A

bacterial
crystals
amorphous

33
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine has a high pH

A

breakdown of urea to ammonia

34
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine glucose decreases

A

glycolysis

bacterial utilization

35
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine ketone decreases

A

volatilization of acetone

36
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine bilirubin decrease

A

destroyed by light

37
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine urobilinogen decrease

A

destroyed by light

38
Q

when does unpreserved urine nitrite increase

A

produced after collection

39
Q

when does unpreserved urine bacteria increase

A

after collection

40
Q

what does it mean if unpreserved urine has cast/cells disintegrating

A

alkaline

hypotonic

41
Q

what type of urine sample is routine screening and cytology

A

random

42
Q

what type of urine sample is pregnancy test, orthostatic protein, and cytology

A

1st morning

43
Q

what type of urine sample is fasting, GTT, 2 hour PP

A

fractional or double voided

44
Q

what is a double voided test

A

collection of blood and urine

45
Q

what type of urine collection technique is used for bacterial cultures or to prevent vaginal contamination

A

midstream “clean catch”

46
Q

where is a catheter inserted

A

urethra to bladder to ureters

47
Q

what type of urine collection technique involves puncturing of abdominal wall and distended bladder by using needle and syringe

A

suprapubic aspiration

48
Q

is a suprapubic aspiration sample sterile

A

yes

49
Q

What are the physical properties examined in urine

A

Color, clarity or transparency, odor, volume, solute concentration

50
Q

if urine has a yellow foam what protein is it

A

bilirubin

51
Q

If urine has a white foam what protein is it

A

Albumin

52
Q

How is solute concentration measured

A

specific gravity and Osmolality 

53
Q

what Is a good environment to examine urine color

A

good light

Against a white background

54
Q

What is the normal color of urine

A

light/straw to amber

55
Q

What metabolic pigment make urine yellow

A

urochrome

56
Q

what metabolic pigment makes urine yellow

A

urochrome

57
Q

what metabolic pigment makes urine pink

A

uroerythrin

58
Q

what metabolic pigment makes urine orange/brown

A

urobilin

59
Q

what method used to examine urine’s clarity

A

schweitzer method

60
Q

How would you describe the clarity of urine with no visible particulate matter present

A

clear

61
Q

How would you describe urines clarity with some visible particulate matter present with no distortion of newsprint

A

hazy

62
Q

How would you describe the clarity of urine where the newsprint is distorted but can’t be seen through urine

A

cloudy

63
Q

How would you describe the clarity of urine or news print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

64
Q

What clarity descriptions of urine is problematic

A

Cloudy and turbid

65
Q

What disease produces greater than 500 mL of urine during the night with a specific gravity of less than 1.018

A

nocturia

66
Q

What disease produces less than 400 mL of urine in 24 hours

A

oliguria

67
Q

What does osmolality measure

A

Number of solute particles

68
Q

What does specific gravity measure

A

Number of solute present and molecular size

69
Q

What is the normal range of specific gravity of a random adult sample

A

1.002 to 1.035

70
Q

def? Comparison of the ratio of light refraction and velocity change as it passes from air into solution

A

Refractive index of light

71
Q

What disease has a low specific gravity

A

hypothenuria

72
Q

What disease has a high specific gravity

A

hyperthenuria

73
Q

What disease has a fixed specific gravity

A

lsothenuria

CLS 304 (21 decks)

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