SPRING 2022 TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the source of a biological safety hazard
A
infectious agent
2
Q
What is the source of a sharp safety hazard
A
needles, lancets, broken glass
3
Q
What is the source of a chemical safety hazard
A
preservatives and reagents
4
Q
What is the source of a radioactive safety hazard
A
Equipment and radioisotopes
5
Q
What is the source of a electrical safety hazard
A
ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords
6
Q
What is the source of a fire/explosive safety hazard
A
open flames, organic chem
7
Q
What is the source of a physical safety hazard
A
wet floor, heavy boxes, pt
8
Q
for mandated compliance how often do you need to be trained
A
yearly
9
Q
what is the major diff between universal precautions and body substance isolation
A
hand washing
10
Q
true or false: Universal precautions include urine, feces, nasal secretions, sweat, tears, and vomit
A
false
11
Q
True or false: body substance isolation does not include sweat
A
true
12
Q
what type of precautions does OSHA require employee’s to follow
A
universal precautions and standard precautions
13
Q
can an employer charge you to practice universal precautions and standard precautions
A
no
14
Q
what does the 2 tier approach emphasis prevention of
A
nosocomial infection and pt safety
15
Q
what is tier 1 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution
A
apply standard precautions and body substance isolation
16
Q
what is tier 2 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution
A
transmission emphasis: airborne, droplet, and contact
ID specific pt
isolation procedures
17
Q
what will a biohazard sign tell you
A
source
modes of transmission
susceptible host
18
Q
what is the 1st line of defense against transmission of infection
A
handwashing
19
Q
how are samples transferred safely
A
sealed biohazard bags
20
Q
where do you discard urine
A
lab sink with water and disinfect with bleach
21
Q
if someone has mild urticaria, eczema, itchy skin, (all on hands), facial swelling, asthma, respiratory distress what is going on
A
latex allergy
22
Q
what kind of infection is contacted by a pt during a hospital stay
A
nosocomial infection
23
Q
what are the main sources of a nosocomial infection
A
uti (most common)
wound
respiratory
24
Q
what chemical safety rule is part of OSHA hazard communication standard
A
employees right to know rule
25
what is formaldehyde toxic to
lungs
26
what is the international approach to hazard communication
globally harmonized system
27
what does the blue # represent on the national fire protection agency
health hazard
28
what does the red # represent on the national fire protection agency
fire hazard
29
what does the white box represent on the national fire protection agency
specific hazard
30
what does the yellow # represent on the national fire protection agency
reactivity
31
what is ALARA
radiation safety
32
def? refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality regulated outcomes for a total testing system
quality assessment
33
components of quality Assessment system
pre analytical
analytical
post analytical
34
federal regulatory mandatory or voluntary
mandatory
35
what regulatory oversight includes CMS, CLIA, CDC, and FDA
federal
36
accrediting agencies regulatory mandatory or voluntary
voluntary
37
what regulatory oversight includes CAP, TJC, and COLA
accrediting agencies
38
def? documents all procedures
procedure manuals
39
what regulatory guidelines do procedure manuals comply with
CLSI
40
def? variables that occur before the actual testing
pre analytical factors
41
what is the last step of the pre-analytical process
processing
42
def? variables that directly affect the testing of specimens
analytical factors
43
def? closeness to the true value
accuracy
44
def? reproducibility of a test result
precision
45
def? maintain accuracy and precision
reliability
46
def? average of all data points
control mean
47
def? distribution of data around a mean
standard deviation
48
def? SD expressed as a % of the mean
coefficient of variation
49
def? limits set within +/- 2 or 3 SD of mean
control ranges
50
what is done to track QC
recording logs
graphic plots
electronic data management
51
what is it called when there is a gradual change in mean in one direction of a levy-jennings plot
trend
52
what is it called when there is a abrupt change in mean on a levy-jennings plot
shift
53
def? testing of unknown samples received from an outside agency
external QA proficiency testing
54
what is wet testing
given sample --> run test
55
how often is problem solving regulatory competency based evaluations
2x in 1st year of employment
| annually. after 1st year
56
def? processes that affect the reporting of results and correct interpretation of data
post-analytical factors
57
job of CLIA
Establish quality standards for all lab testing
classifies and regulates labs
establishes personnel qualifications
58
what kind of certificate do you need to preform waived, moderate, or high complexity testing
registration
59
what are the majority of test
moderate
60
what kind of testing uses semi automated instruments
waived
61
who can preform provider performed microscopy
physician
midlevel practitioner
dentist
62
what kind of difficulty is provider performed microscopy
moderate
63
what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or less on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity
moderate
64
what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or more on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity
high complexity
65
what does the clinical and lab standards institute and CAP recommend for competency assessment
regent strip testing
66
how much does a kidney weigh
150 g
67
how long is a kidney
12.5 cm
68
what is the width of a kidney
6 cm
69
what is the outer area of the kidney called
cortex
70
what is the inner area of the kidney called
medulla
71
where are glomeruli located
outer cortex
72
what is the function of glomeruli
plasma filtration
73
where do the ducts of the pyramid (kidneys) enter
clayx
74
where does urine go after calyces
renal pelvis
75
where does urine go after the renal pelvis
ureter
76
where does urine go after the ureter
bladder
77
how much urine can the bladder hold before you feel like you have to go to the bathroom
150 mL
78
where does urine go after the bladder
urethra
79
why do more women get UTIs
they have a shorter urethra
80
how many nephrons are there in the kidney
1.3 million
81
what is a capillary tuft surrounded by bowman's capsule
glomerulus
82
what % of blood flow goes to the kidneys
25%
83
what are the 3 major functions of the kidneys
filtration, absorption, and secretion
84
what are the 5 distinct areas of the kidneys
```
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule
```
85
what part of the heart supplies blood to the kidneys
afferent arteriole
86
what part of the kidney receives blood from the arteriole
glomerulus
87
where does blood go when it leaves the kidney
efferent arteriole
88
function of efferent arteriole
maintaining hydrostatic pressure differential
89
how much plasma is filtered each day in the kidneys
180000 mL
90
how much urine is produced from the kidneys each day
600 to 1800 mL
91
what are the 2 main factors for the formation of urine
plasma filtration
| reabsorption and selective secretion by renal tubules
92
true or false: the kidneys remove metabolic waste
true
93
true or false: the kidneys regulate water and electrolytes
true
94
true or false: kidneys maintain the body's acid-base equilibrium
true
95
what is the driving force behind glomerular filtration
high hydrostatic pressure of afferent arteriole
96
name and describe the capillary structure of glomerular filtration
capillary endothelium
| with its large open pores
97
name the mmb structure of glomerular filtration
trilayer basement mmb
98
name the diaphragms structure of glomerular filtration and where are they located
filtration diaphragms
| located between podocytes of bowman’s space
99
what does the glomerulus barrier selective of
molecule size
| molecule charge
100
what kind of molecules pass rapidly through the glomerus
water
| small molecules
101
what kind of charge does the endothelium in the glomerus have
neg
102
what challenges large molecules to pass in the glomerus
neg charge of endothelium
103
where would you find large amounts of renin
in afferent arteriole of juxtaglomerular apparatus
104
What is released in response to decreased arterial blood pressure or vol
renin
105
what is released in response to decreased sodium or increased potassium
renin
106
what is released in response to vascular hemorrhage
renin
107
what does renin cause (2)
angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion
108
what does aldosterone do to the kidneys
retain sodium and water
109
what do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete
renin
110
what is angiotensinogen
blood substance
111
where does angiotensin 1 pass through
lungs
112
what turns angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
113
def? substance in filtrate that go back into the system
reabsorption
114
what kind of transport is tubular transport
active or passive
115
true or false: each solute has a specific transport system that may differ by area of tubule where it occurs
true
116
why do the tubules selectively reabsorb substances
body homeostasis and function
117
why does secretion occur
eliminate waste and substances not normally present in plasma
adult acid base status of body
118
what kind of substances do the tubules secrete
weak acids or bases
119
def? plasma conc of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed reaches an abnormally high level
maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm)
120
def? plasma level causing active transport to cease
renal threshold
121
where would you find reabsorbed substances
urine
122
what is the glucose threshold of the tubules
160 to 180 mg/dL
123
what is tubular secretion = to
blood peritubular capillaries to filtrate
124
what does tubular reabsorption =
filtrate to blood
125
what kind of waste does tubular secretion eliminate
non filtered waste
126
what is the normal range of blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
127
what are the 3 body systems involved to maintain blood pH
blood buffer systems
pulmonary system
renal system
128
function of blood buffer system maintaining blood pH
buffers prevent pH from changing
129
function of pulmonary system maintaining blood pH
lungs can exhale or retain CO2
130
function of renal system maintaining blood pH
increase/decrease excretion of H ions
increase/decrease formation of ammonia
increase/decrease reabsorption of bicarbonate
131
where does passive reabsorption of water into the high osmotic gradient of the renal medulla occur
descending loop of henle
132
where is chloride actively reabsorbed
ascending loop of henle
133
where is sodium passively reabsorbed
ascending loop of henle
134
where are the wall impermeable to water
ascending loop of henle
135
what mechanism maintains conc of the medulla
countercurrent mech
136
how is the medulla diluted
water from the descending loop
137
how is the medulla reconc
sodium and chloride from the filtrate in the ascending loop
138
what is also known as vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
139
function of ADH
controls water reabsorption in collecting tubules
140
where is ADH produced
hypothalamus
141
what releases ADH
posterior pituitary gland
142
how does ADH increase water reabsorption
causes change in tubule epithlium
143
what is released by neg feedback with arterial blood pressure and positive feedback with plasma osmolality
ADH
144
increased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume
decreased
| increased
145
decreased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume
increased
| decreased
