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CLS 304 > SPRING 2022 TEST 1 > Flashcards

SPRING 2022 TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of a biological safety hazard

A

infectious agent

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2
Q

What is the source of a sharp safety hazard

A

needles, lancets, broken glass

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3
Q

What is the source of a chemical safety hazard

A

preservatives and reagents

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4
Q

What is the source of a radioactive safety hazard

A

Equipment and radioisotopes

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5
Q

What is the source of a electrical safety hazard

A

ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords

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6
Q

What is the source of a fire/explosive safety hazard

A

open flames, organic chem

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7
Q

What is the source of a physical safety hazard

A

wet floor, heavy boxes, pt

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8
Q

for mandated compliance how often do you need to be trained

A

yearly

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9
Q

what is the major diff between universal precautions and body substance isolation

A

hand washing

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10
Q

true or false: Universal precautions include urine, feces, nasal secretions, sweat, tears, and vomit

A

false

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11
Q

True or false: body substance isolation does not include sweat

A

true

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12
Q

what type of precautions does OSHA require employee’s to follow

A

universal precautions and standard precautions

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13
Q

can an employer charge you to practice universal precautions and standard precautions

A

no

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14
Q

what does the 2 tier approach emphasis prevention of

A

nosocomial infection and pt safety

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15
Q

what is tier 1 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution

A

apply standard precautions and body substance isolation

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16
Q

what is tier 2 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution

A

transmission emphasis: airborne, droplet, and contact
ID specific pt
isolation procedures

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17
Q

what will a biohazard sign tell you

A

source
modes of transmission
susceptible host

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18
Q

what is the 1st line of defense against transmission of infection

A

handwashing

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19
Q

how are samples transferred safely

A

sealed biohazard bags

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20
Q

where do you discard urine

A

lab sink with water and disinfect with bleach

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21
Q

if someone has mild urticaria, eczema, itchy skin, (all on hands), facial swelling, asthma, respiratory distress what is going on

A

latex allergy

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22
Q

what kind of infection is contacted by a pt during a hospital stay

A

nosocomial infection

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23
Q

what are the main sources of a nosocomial infection

A

uti (most common)
wound
respiratory

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24
Q

what chemical safety rule is part of OSHA hazard communication standard

A

employees right to know rule

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25
Q

what is formaldehyde toxic to

A

lungs

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26
Q

what is the international approach to hazard communication

A

globally harmonized system

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27
Q

what does the blue # represent on the national fire protection agency

A

health hazard

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28
Q

what does the red # represent on the national fire protection agency

A

fire hazard

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29
Q

what does the white box represent on the national fire protection agency

A

specific hazard

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30
Q

what does the yellow # represent on the national fire protection agency

A

reactivity

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31
Q

what is ALARA

A

radiation safety

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32
Q

def? refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality regulated outcomes for a total testing system

A

quality assessment

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33
Q

components of quality Assessment system

A

pre analytical
analytical
post analytical

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34
Q

federal regulatory mandatory or voluntary

A

mandatory

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35
Q

what regulatory oversight includes CMS, CLIA, CDC, and FDA

A

federal

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36
Q

accrediting agencies regulatory mandatory or voluntary

A

voluntary

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37
Q

what regulatory oversight includes CAP, TJC, and COLA

A

accrediting agencies

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38
Q

def? documents all procedures

A

procedure manuals

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39
Q

what regulatory guidelines do procedure manuals comply with

A

CLSI

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40
Q

def? variables that occur before the actual testing

A

pre analytical factors

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41
Q

what is the last step of the pre-analytical process

A

processing

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42
Q

def? variables that directly affect the testing of specimens

A

analytical factors

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43
Q

def? closeness to the true value

A

accuracy

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44
Q

def? reproducibility of a test result

A

precision

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45
Q

def? maintain accuracy and precision

A

reliability

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46
Q

def? average of all data points

A

control mean

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47
Q

def? distribution of data around a mean

A

standard deviation

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48
Q

def? SD expressed as a % of the mean

A

coefficient of variation

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49
Q

def? limits set within +/- 2 or 3 SD of mean

A

control ranges

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50
Q

what is done to track QC

A

recording logs
graphic plots
electronic data management

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51
Q

what is it called when there is a gradual change in mean in one direction of a levy-jennings plot

A

trend

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52
Q

what is it called when there is a abrupt change in mean on a levy-jennings plot

A

shift

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53
Q

def? testing of unknown samples received from an outside agency

A

external QA proficiency testing

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54
Q

what is wet testing

A

given sample –> run test

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55
Q

how often is problem solving regulatory competency based evaluations

A

2x in 1st year of employment

annually. after 1st year

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56
Q

def? processes that affect the reporting of results and correct interpretation of data

A

post-analytical factors

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57
Q

job of CLIA

A

Establish quality standards for all lab testing
classifies and regulates labs
establishes personnel qualifications

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58
Q

what kind of certificate do you need to preform waived, moderate, or high complexity testing

A

registration

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59
Q

what are the majority of test

A

moderate

60
Q

what kind of testing uses semi automated instruments

A

waived

61
Q

who can preform provider performed microscopy

A

physician
midlevel practitioner
dentist

62
Q

what kind of difficulty is provider performed microscopy

A

moderate

63
Q

what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or less on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity

A

moderate

64
Q

what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or more on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity

A

high complexity

65
Q

what does the clinical and lab standards institute and CAP recommend for competency assessment

A

regent strip testing

66
Q

how much does a kidney weigh

A

150 g

67
Q

how long is a kidney

A

12.5 cm

68
Q

what is the width of a kidney

A

6 cm

69
Q

what is the outer area of the kidney called

A

cortex

70
Q

what is the inner area of the kidney called

A

medulla

71
Q

where are glomeruli located

A

outer cortex

72
Q

what is the function of glomeruli

A

plasma filtration

73
Q

where do the ducts of the pyramid (kidneys) enter

A

clayx

74
Q

where does urine go after calyces

A

renal pelvis

75
Q

where does urine go after the renal pelvis

A

ureter

76
Q

where does urine go after the ureter

A

bladder

77
Q

how much urine can the bladder hold before you feel like you have to go to the bathroom

A

150 mL

78
Q

where does urine go after the bladder

A

urethra

79
Q

why do more women get UTIs

A

they have a shorter urethra

80
Q

how many nephrons are there in the kidney

A

1.3 million

81
Q

what is a capillary tuft surrounded by bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

82
Q

what % of blood flow goes to the kidneys

A

25%

83
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the kidneys

A

filtration, absorption, and secretion

84
Q

what are the 5 distinct areas of the kidneys

A 
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule 
collecting tubule
85
Q

what part of the heart supplies blood to the kidneys

A

afferent arteriole

86
Q

what part of the kidney receives blood from the arteriole

A

glomerulus

87
Q

where does blood go when it leaves the kidney

A

efferent arteriole

88
Q

function of efferent arteriole

A

maintaining hydrostatic pressure differential

89
Q

how much plasma is filtered each day in the kidneys

A

180000 mL

90
Q

how much urine is produced from the kidneys each day

A

600 to 1800 mL

91
Q

what are the 2 main factors for the formation of urine

A

plasma filtration

reabsorption and selective secretion by renal tubules

92
Q

true or false: the kidneys remove metabolic waste

A

true

93
Q

true or false: the kidneys regulate water and electrolytes

A

true

94
Q

true or false: kidneys maintain the body’s acid-base equilibrium

A

true

95
Q

what is the driving force behind glomerular filtration

A

high hydrostatic pressure of afferent arteriole

96
Q

name and describe the capillary structure of glomerular filtration

A

capillary endothelium

with its large open pores

97
Q

name the mmb structure of glomerular filtration

A

trilayer basement mmb

98
Q

name the diaphragms structure of glomerular filtration and where are they located

A

filtration diaphragms

located between podocytes of bowman’s space

99
Q

what does the glomerulus barrier selective of

A

molecule size

molecule charge

100
Q

what kind of molecules pass rapidly through the glomerus

A

water

small molecules

101
Q

what kind of charge does the endothelium in the glomerus have

A

neg

102
Q

what challenges large molecules to pass in the glomerus

A

neg charge of endothelium

103
Q

where would you find large amounts of renin

A

in afferent arteriole of juxtaglomerular apparatus

104
Q

What is released in response to decreased arterial blood pressure or vol

A

renin

105
Q

what is released in response to decreased sodium or increased potassium

A

renin

106
Q

what is released in response to vascular hemorrhage

A

renin

107
Q

what does renin cause (2)

A

angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion

108
Q

what does aldosterone do to the kidneys

A

retain sodium and water

109
Q

what do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin

110
Q

what is angiotensinogen

A

blood substance

111
Q

where does angiotensin 1 pass through

A

lungs

112
Q

what turns angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

113
Q

def? substance in filtrate that go back into the system

A

reabsorption

114
Q

what kind of transport is tubular transport

A

active or passive

115
Q

true or false: each solute has a specific transport system that may differ by area of tubule where it occurs

A

true

116
Q

why do the tubules selectively reabsorb substances

A

body homeostasis and function

117
Q

why does secretion occur

A

eliminate waste and substances not normally present in plasma
adult acid base status of body

118
Q

what kind of substances do the tubules secrete

A

weak acids or bases

119
Q

def? plasma conc of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed reaches an abnormally high level

A

maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm)

120
Q

def? plasma level causing active transport to cease

A

renal threshold

121
Q

where would you find reabsorbed substances

A

urine

122
Q

what is the glucose threshold of the tubules

A

160 to 180 mg/dL

123
Q

what is tubular secretion = to

A

blood peritubular capillaries to filtrate

124
Q

what does tubular reabsorption =

A

filtrate to blood

125
Q

what kind of waste does tubular secretion eliminate

A

non filtered waste

126
Q

what is the normal range of blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

127
Q

what are the 3 body systems involved to maintain blood pH

A

blood buffer systems
pulmonary system
renal system

128
Q

function of blood buffer system maintaining blood pH

A

buffers prevent pH from changing

129
Q

function of pulmonary system maintaining blood pH

A

lungs can exhale or retain CO2

130
Q

function of renal system maintaining blood pH

A

increase/decrease excretion of H ions
increase/decrease formation of ammonia
increase/decrease reabsorption of bicarbonate

131
Q

where does passive reabsorption of water into the high osmotic gradient of the renal medulla occur

A

descending loop of henle

132
Q

where is chloride actively reabsorbed

A

ascending loop of henle

133
Q

where is sodium passively reabsorbed

A

ascending loop of henle

134
Q

where are the wall impermeable to water

A

ascending loop of henle

135
Q

what mechanism maintains conc of the medulla

A

countercurrent mech

136
Q

how is the medulla diluted

A

water from the descending loop

137
Q

how is the medulla reconc

A

sodium and chloride from the filtrate in the ascending loop

138
Q

what is also known as vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

139
Q

function of ADH

A

controls water reabsorption in collecting tubules

140
Q

where is ADH produced

A

hypothalamus

141
Q

what releases ADH

A

posterior pituitary gland

142
Q

how does ADH increase water reabsorption

A

causes change in tubule epithlium

143
Q

what is released by neg feedback with arterial blood pressure and positive feedback with plasma osmolality

A

ADH

144
Q

increased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume

A

decreased

increased

145
Q

decreased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume

A

increased

decreased

CLS 304 (21 decks)

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