CH. 4

Question 1

How many nephrons are found in the average

kidney?

Answer 1

1.3 million

Question 2

Ultrafiltration of plasma occurs in glomeruli located

in the renal

Answer 2

cortex

Question 3

Which component of the nephron is located exclu-

sively in the renal medulla?

Answer 3

loop of henle

Question 4

true or false: The afferent arteriole has a narrower lumen than the efferent arteriole.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

true or false: The arteries are primarily end arteries, supplying specific areas of tissue, and they do not interconnect.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

true or false: The arterioles subdivide into a capillary network, rejoin as an arteriole, and subdivide into a second capillary bed.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

true or false: The vasa recta vessels deep in the renal medulla form the beginning of the venous renal circulation.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Formation of the ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus is

driven by the

Answer 8

hydrostatic blood pressure

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of renin, an enzyme secreted by specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 9

causes the formation of angiotensin and

the secretion of aldosterone.

Question 10

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of the

Answer 10

capillary endothelium
basement mmb
podocytes

Question 11

the ability of a solute to cross the glomerular filtra-

tion barrier is determined by its

Answer 11

molecular size.
molecular radius.
electrical charge.

Question 12

The epithelium characterized by a brush border

owing to numerous microvilli is found in the

Answer 12

proximal tubules

Question 13

The kidneys play an important role in the

Answer 13

excretion of waste products.
regulation of water and electrolytes.
maintenance of acid-base equilibrium.
control of blood pressure and fluid balance.

Question 14

What percent of the original ultrafiltrate formed in

the urinary space actually is excreted as urine?

Answer 14

1%

Question 15

What differentiates tubular reabsorption from

tubular secretion in the nephron?

Answer 15

The direction of movement of the substance

being absorbed or secreted is different.

Question 16

During tubular transport, the movement of a solute

against a gradient

Answer 16

involves specific cell membrane–binding sites.

Question 17

Substances bound to plasma proteins in the blood

can be eliminated in the urine by

Answer 17

tubular reabsorption

Question 18

The renal system has a ____ response with complete correction of the ___ to normal.

Answer 18

slow

pH

Question 19

The kidneys excrete excess alkali (base) in the urine

as

Answer 19

sodium bicarbonate

Question 20

Which of the following substances is secreted into

the tubular lumen to eliminate hydrogen ions?

Answer 20

ammonia

Question 21

Urine titratable acids can form when the ultrafiltrate

contains

Answer 21

phosphate

Question 22

The renal threshold level for glucose is 160 to

180 mg/dL. This corresponds to the

Answer 22

plasma concentration above which glucose is

excreted in the urine.

Question 23

When too much protein is presented to the renal
tubules for reabsorption, it is excreted in the urine
because

Answer 23

the max tubular reabsorptive capacity for

protein has been exceeded.

Question 24

More than 66% of filtered water, sodium, and chlo-

ride and 100% of filtered glucose, amino acids, and proteins are reabsorbed in the

Answer 24

proximal tubules

Question 25

Water reabsorption occurs throughout the nephron | except in the

Answer 25

ascending limb of the loops of Henle.

Question 26

The process solely responsible for water reabsorp- | tion throughout the nephron is

Answer 26

osmosis

Question 27

Hypertonicity of the renal medulla is maintained by

Answer 27

urea cycle

Question 28

Which of the following is not a feature of the renal | countercurrent multiplier mechanism?

Answer 28

The descending limb of the loop of Henle actively | reabsorbs sodium and urea.

Question 29

The purpose of the renal countercurrent multiplier | mechanism is to

Answer 29

preserve the gradient hypertonicity in the | medulla.

Question 30

Which vascular component is involved in the renal | countercurrent exchange mechanism?

Answer 30

vasa recta

Question 31

Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of

Answer 31

water in the collecting tubules.

Question 32

Which of the following describes the tubular lumen fluid that enters the collecting tubule compared with the tubular lumen fluid in the proximal tubule?

Answer 32

isosmotic

Question 33

Which of the following describes the tubular lumen fluid that enters the collecting tubule compared with the tubular lumen fluid in the proximal tubule?

Answer 33

collecting ducts.

Question 34

what makes up urine

Answer 34

water and waste products

Question 35

where does urine go after the renal pelvis

Answer 35

ureter

Question 36

where does urine go after the ureter

Answer 36

bladder

Question 37

where does filtrate become urine

Answer 37

kidneys

Question 38

how much urine can the bladder hold before it feels like you have to go to the bathroom

Answer 38

150 mL

Question 39

how does urine get pushed into the urethra

Answer 39

contraction of bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincter

Question 40

what is the glomerulus made up of

Answer 40

capillary beds

Question 41

what is the liquid called in the bowman's capsule

Answer 41

filtrate

Question 42

function of the nephron

Answer 42

filters blood

Question 43

where are glomeruli located

Answer 43

outer cortex

Question 44

what kind of tissue is in the medulla

Answer 44

pyramid-shaped

Question 45

where does urine go after the pyramid

Answer 45

minor calyx

Question 46

where does urine go after the calyces

Answer 46

renal pelvis

Question 47

what is the area called between the medullas

Answer 47

renal column

Question 48

where does filtration occur

Answer 48

bowman's capsule

Question 49

where are there a lot of microvilli

Answer 49

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 50

where does filtrate enter the glomerulus

Answer 50

afferent arteriole

Question 51

where does filtrate exit the glomerulus

Answer 51

efferent arteriole

Question 52

what kind of cell lines the afferent arteriole

Answer 52

juxtaglomerular cell

Question 53

what is the space called around the glomerulus

Answer 53

bowman's space

Question 54

what kind of cells are in the center of the afferent arteriole

Answer 54

mesangial cells

Question 55

where is pressure greater in the afferent or efferent arteriole

Answer 55

efferent

Question 56

what are the 3 cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 56

juxtaglomerular cell distal convoluted tubule mesangial cells

Question 57

what enzyme is present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 57

renin

Question 58

why would renin be released

Answer 58

low arterial blood pressure decreased sodium or increased potassium levels low blood volume

Question 59

renin causes ____ formation and _____ secretion

Answer 59

angiotensin | aldosterone

Question 60

what does aldosterone do to the kidneys

Answer 60

retain sodium and water follows the sodium

Question 61

what does an increase in aldosterone do to blood pressure

Answer 61

increase blood pressure

Question 62

what turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Answer 62

renin

Question 63

what turns angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 63

ACE

Question 64

180000 mL of plasma is filtered everyday but how much urine is produced

Answer 64

600 - 1800 mL

Question 65

what is blood's pH

Answer 65

7.35-7.45

Question 66

what kind of charge does the endothelium have

Answer 66

neg

Question 67

can albumin go through glomerular filtration barrier and why

Answer 67

no because it has a negative charge

Question 68

what kind of transport moves against gradient

Answer 68

active

Question 69

what kind of transport moves from higher conc to lower conc

Answer 69

passive

Question 70

what waste product does not get reabsorbed

Answer 70

creatinine

Question 71

how much water does the proximal tubule reabsorb

Answer 71

65%

Question 72

what are the 3 systems that maintain blood's pH

Answer 72

blood buffer system pulmonary system renal system

Question 73

what enzyme combines carbon dioxide and water

Answer 73

carbonic anhydrase

Question 74

what enzyme breaks carbonic acid

Answer 74

carbonic anhydrase

Question 75

what makes ADH

Answer 75

hypothalamus

Question 76

what releases ADH

Answer 76

posterior pituitary gland

Question 77

what is another name for ADH

Answer 77

vasopressin

Question 78

what controls water reabsorption in collecting tubules

Answer 78

ADH

Question 79

aquaporin

Answer 79

allows water to go through

Question 80

what is the problem with people with diabetes insipidus

Answer 80

receptor do not respond to ADH

Question 81

describe the urine of a person with diabetes insipidus

Answer 81

lots of urine | urine is dilute