Ch. 3 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
lysosome
A
degrades damaged/old organelles and foreign bodies
2
Q
mitochondria
A
functions as the principal site of ATP synthesis It is the cell’s power plant
3
Q
Rough ER
A
the location of synthesis and sorting of proteins that will be secreted or inserted into cell membrane.
4
Q
Endoplasmic means
A
Endo- inside
plasmic- cytoplasm
5
Q
Reticulum means
A
Network
6
Q
The cell membrane is the _____ ______ of the cell.
A
outer boundary
7
Q
Which of these is not a protein?
- Hemoglobin
- Cholesterol
- Aquaporin
A
Cholesterol
8
Q
List the 3 types of membrane proteins
A
- Transmembrane
- Lipid-anchored
- Peripheral
9
Q
organelles are formed by _______ _______.
A
organic compounds
10
Q
Cells assume unique ______ related to their functions.
A
shapes
11
Q
Cells are the smallest ….
A
basic units of life.
12
Q
List the components of the Cell Theory
A
- Cells are the building block of plants & animals
- Cells are the basic units of life
- Cells are produced by division of pre-existing cells
- Cells maintain homeostasis, individually and collectively
13
Q
The pH inside a cell is _____.
A
7.2 in the cytoplasm.
14
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
15
Q
A free ribosome does what?
A
makes proteins that stay inside the cell
16
Q
A ribosome attached to the ER does what?
A
makes proteins for the cell membrane, lysosome or ECF
17
Q
Cytosol
A
The intracellular fluid that contains ions and proteins but excludes organelles
18
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Cytosol plus organelles
19
Q
Cytoskeleton consists of
A
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
20
Q
Microfilaments can be found in what organelle
A
Microvilli
21
Q
Microvilli have a special function, they …..
A
increase the cell surface area to aid absorption of nutrients.
22
Q
Cell movement of sperm is accomplished by what non-membranous organelle?
A
Flagella
23
Q
Ribosomes are unique because
A
they are composed of RNA plus protein.
24
Q
Key feature of organelles:
______ chemicals and ______ so they proceed without interference.
A
Isolate
reactions
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Smooth ER
ER without ribosomes
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Site for synthesis of secretory proteins
RER-Rough ER
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Power Plant
Mitochondria
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What organelle makes ribosomes?
Nucleus
29
The porous double membrane surrounding the cellular DNA is the \_\_\_\_\_.
Nuclear Envelope
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Four things the cell membrane does:
1. Physical barrier between ECF and ICF
2. Regulates exchange of nutrients, wastes etc
3. Monitors changes in the environment
4. Provides structural support
31
Phospholipids and Cholesterol are \_\_\_\_\_.
membrane lipids
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Cholesterol in the membrane ...
contributes rigidity
33
The Harvard Cell Video demonstrated what?
The movement of molecules & ions across the cell membrane and into and out of the cell.
34
# Define.
Primary factor affecting membrane transport
cell membrane permeability
35
# Define.
Semipermeable membrane-
allows some substances to cross freely, prevents others from crossing
36
# Define
Diffusion-
movement of solutes from a high concentration region to low concentration region until equilibrium is reached
37
# Define
Active Process
requires ATP
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# Define
Passive Process
doesn't require energy
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Diffusion and Filtration are examples of
Passive membrane transport
40
Why can't the ions diffuse through the cell membrane?
Because the ions have an electrical charge (they are polar). Lipid bilayer is non-polar and repulses charged ions.
41
What special feature allows cholesterol to pass the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer?
Cholesterol is non-polar and thus is lipid soluble.
42
Osmotic pressure exerted by a solution on a cell is called \_\_\_\_\_.
tonicity
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A cell in isotonic solution
is a normal cell, not swelling or shrinking
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Hypotonic solution causes a cell to
swell or gain water from the ECF
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Hypertonic solution causes a cell to
shrink or lose water to the ECF
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Process where solutes are aided across the membrane.
Carrier-mediated transport
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A type of diffusion
\*that requires no ATP
\*where the solute is not lipid soluble
Facilitated Diffusion
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Diffusion across a membrane that is not dependent on concentration gradients
Active Transport
49
# Define.
Vesicular Transport
movement of substances, in vesicles, in and out of cells
50
List the 3 types of endocytosis
1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Phagocytosis
51
White bloods cells eating an infectious bacteria is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
phagocytosis
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Process where the Golgi apparatus sends a vesicle full of protein to the membrane for secretion
Exocytosis
53
What non-membranous organelle do you see?
Flagellum
54
From left to right what kind process do you see?
Diffusion across a membrane that ends with equilibrium.
55
Label A, B, C in this diagram.
A. Rough ER
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Plasma Membrane
56
Label this diagram.
57
Label this diagram.
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Carrier Membrane Transport requires _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ called carrier protein.
transmembrane protein
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Name the 2 types of Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport.
a. ???-no ATP, ex. Glucose Transport
b. ???-requires ATP, ex. Na+/K+ exchange pump
a. Facilitated Diffusion
b. Active Transport
60
Vesicular transport requires a vesicle which is lipid packaged.
2 types include:
a. ??-begins at cell membrane
b. ?? begins at Golgi complex
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
61
Extracellular Fluid + Extracellular Matrix = Extracellular Material
Cells + Extracellular Material = ???
Tissues
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Four types of tissues.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Neural
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Tissues consist of a _______________ that perform a common function. The cells may be surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_.
group of specialized cells
extracellular material
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# General Characteristics
1. Epithelial tissue consists of ____ and ____ tissue (w/o blood vessels).
2. Epithelial cells are continously \_\_\_\_\_.
3. Epithelial tissue is found covering ______ that include skin, body cavities, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. glands / avascular
2. replaced
3. surfaces / digestive tract / respiratory tract
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Epithelial Tissue Functions
* Provide physical protection
* Control permeability
* Provide sensation
* Form Glands that produce specialized secretions
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Epithelial cells are _____ attached together forming a physical barrier. They are connected together by cell _____ molecules forming junctions.
Name 3 types of junctions.
tightly / adhesion
1. tight junctions
2. gap junctions
3. desmosomes
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Functions of Epithelium.
1. physical barrier protecting internal/ ____ tissues from external environment
2. regulates \_\_\_\_\_\_- substances entering or leaving the body
3. Detects changes in environment. Accomplishes this with _____ receptors and thermoreceptors located ____ in the epithelium
1. deep
2. permeability
3. touch / deep
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* deep tissue found throughout the body
* very diverse, many different types
* extracelluar material makes up most of the connective tissue
* connective tissue is vascular
* transports materials such as nutrients
* stores energy
* protects from foreign microorganisms
71
List the subtypes of these 3 connective tissues
* I. Connective tissue proper
* a. Loose
* b. Dense
* II. Fluid connective tissue
* a. Blood
* b. Lymph
* III. Supporting connective tissue
* a. Hyaline cartilage
* b. Elastic cartilage
* c. Fibrocartilage
72
# Discuss Connective tissue proper
* I. Examples of Cell types:
* II. Fibers that form Extracellular matrix
* a. collagen fibers
* b. \_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers
* c. \_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers
* III. Extracellular fluid aka ...
* main function is to...
* I. cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
* II. Fibers in ECM
* a. collagen fibers
* b. elastic fibers
* c. reticular fibers
* III. ECF aka ground substance
* main function is to prevent bacteria from moving freely
73
name and describe the specialized epithelial cells that produce secretions.
Exocrine glands -secretions thtare released outside the body. eg. milk, sweat
Endocrine system--secretions released into the surrounding tissues and blood. eg. hormones
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# Fill in the blanks.
1. Collagen Fibers--strong and \_\_\_\_
2. Elastic Fibers--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. Reticular Fibers--Interwoven, \_\_\_
1. unbranched
2. stretchable and unbranched
3. thin and unbranched
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# Fill in the blanks.
Extracellular Fluid is _____ like \_\_\_\_.
Fills the _____ between cells and \_\_\_\_\_.
Prevents ______ from moving freely.
Also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
thick like syrup
spaces / fibers
bacteria
ground substance
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# Fill in the blanks.
Loose connective tissue
* functions in _____ epithelia and blood vessels
* _____ organs
* includes _____ tissue
* supporting
* protects
* adipose / fatty
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# Fill in the blanks.
Dense Connective Tissue.
Strong tissue that functions in supporting \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_.
Includes tendons and \_\_\_\_\_.
bones, muscles, organs
ligaments
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What do you find in the Fluid Connective Tissue?
red and white blood cells
plasma and lymph fluid
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# Fill in the blanks.
Blood and Lymph fluid are examples of \_\_\_\_.
fluid connective tissues
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Dense regular connective tissue
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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# Identify the tissue type
List the types of cells found in the areolar tissue.
areolar tissue = connective tissue proper
## Footnote
I. Loose connective tissue
cells: fat cells, macrophages
II. Dense connective tissue
cells: tendons, ligaments, fibroblasts
85
This cell type:
1. synthesizes the ECM and collagen
2. plays a critical role in wound healing
3. is the most common cell in animals
4. can migrate slowly over substratum
Fibroblasts
86
Fluid Connective Tissue.
eg. Whole Blood, lymph fluid
87
# Identify the tissue type
Where can you find this tissue type?
Lymphatic capillary.
Throughout the body.
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What makes lymphatic capillaries unique?
89
# Identify the tissue type
General Characteristics.
Extracellular material is a dense ground substance.
Chondrocytes produce cartilage.
Osteoblasts produce bone.
Supporting Connective Tissue
90
# Fill in the Blank
3 types of cartilage
1. \_\_\_\_\_- eg. ribs and sternum
2. \_\_\_\_\_- eg. epiglottis
3. \_\_\_\_\_- eg. spinal column, knee
1. hyaline cartilage
2. elastic cartilage
3. fibrocartilage
91
Osteocytes / Osteoblasts are Supporting Connective tissues that specialize in ...
producing the extracellular matrix called bone
92
Two types of bone:
1. spongy bone
2. compact bone
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All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the skeletal muscle exhibit?
Skeletal muscle looks like packed straws, with the nucleus on the outer edge.
95
All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the cardiac muscle exhibit?
Cardiac muscle is branched, with a central nucleus.
96
All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the smooth muscle exhibit?
Smooth muscle looks like an elongated eyeball (spindle shape), with the nucleus in the center.
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Skeletal muscle
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Cardiac Muscle cells
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Smooth muscle cells
100
# Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are short, spindle shaped, nonstriated with a single, central nucleus.
Smooth muscle tissue.
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# Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are short branched, striated, usually a single nucleus.
Cardiac muscle tissue.
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# Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are long, cylindrical, striated and multinucleate.
Skeletal muscle tissue.
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Compact Bone
104
Skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope.
105
Cardiac Muscle tissue under a microscope
106
smooth muscle tissue under a microscope
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# Identify me by my Location.
You will find me combined with connective tissues and neural tissues.
Skeletal muscle tissue
108
# Identify me by my Location.
I'm found only in the Heart.
Cardiac muscle tissue.
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# Identify me by my Location.
I'm found in the walls of:
blood vessels,
digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs
Smooth muscle tissue
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Remember both of these cell types are equally important.
113
Label the receiver, control center, effector
Dendrite is the receiver
Cell body is the control center
Axon is the effector
114
What tissue specializes in communication via electrical impulses?
Nervous tissue
115
Nervous tissue
* ______ the functions of most organs.
* Consists of _____ and \_\_\_\_.
* Regulates
* Neurons (nerve cells)
* Neuroglia (glial cells)
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Neuroglia provide ________ to neurons.
Such as \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ effect for communication signals.
support
nutrients / insulating
117
Four types of Membranes.
1. Mucous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Cutaneous membrane
4. Synovial membrane
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Mucous membrane - protects ___ tissues
Secretes ___ that protects ____ tissue.
Lines ___ and ___ tracts.
underlying
mucus / epithelial
digestive / respiratory
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Serous membrane lines the subcavities of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Reduces ______ between organs by providing cushioning with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the ventral body cavity
friction
serous fluid
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This membrane is thick, waterproof and dry.
Cutaneous membrane.
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Sheet like structure that forms the surface of our bodies.
Cutaneous membrane.
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Synovial membrane -- located at our \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Secretes synovial fluid which ......
joints
lubricates joints to reduce friction
aids in smooth movement
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Synovial membrane is what type of tissue?
Epithelial connective tissue / Areolar tissue
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The structure of neural tissue helps in what functions?
Conducting Electrical Impulses
Carrying information
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* a. simple squamous epithelium
* b. simple cuboidal epithelium
* c. simple columnar epithelium
* d. stratified squamous epithelium
* e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
* f. stratified columnar epithelium
