Ch. 1 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Zygote
A
fertilized egg
2
Q
differentiation
A
process where cells develop special characteristics for structure & function
3
Q
Biology
A
Study of life
4
Q
Anatomy
A
study of internal and external structures and the relationship between these structures
5
Q
ana-
A
up or apart
6
Q
tomy
A
to cut
7
Q
gross anatomy
A
study of visible features
8
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
study of structures that require magnification
9
Q
cytology
A
study of cellular structure and function
10
Q
cyto
A
cell
11
Q
-logy
A
study of
12
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
13
Q
histo
A
tissue
14
Q
Physiology
A
study of how living organisms function
15
Q
physio-
A
nature / function
16
Q
Human physiology
A
study of functions of the human body
17
Q
Cellular physiology
A
study of cellular functions
18
Q
Pathological physiology
A
study of the effects of diseases on organ and organ system functions
19
Q
Chemical Level
A
atoms–monomer–polymer
20
Q
cellular level
A
cellular structures (organelles) that give rise to individual cells
21
Q
tissue level
A
similar cells working together to carry out a specialized function
22
Q
organ level
A
more than one tissue type working together to carry out a specialized function
23
Q
organ system level
A
consists of several organs working together
24
Q
organism level
A
consists of all organ systems working together
25
Outer surface of the human body
Integumentary system
26
Bones of the body
Skeletal system
27
Regulatory system
Nervous system
28
Glands that secrete hormones to regulate organ system
Endocrine system
29
Transport of gases nutrients
Cardiovascular system
30
Host defense
Lymphatic system
31
Gas exchange
Respiratory system
32
Food processing and absorption of nutrients
Digestive system
33
Elimination of waste products derived from your blood
Urinary system
34
Production of sperm and eggs
Reproductive system
35
Homeostasis
presence of a stable internal environment
36
Homeostatic Regulation
physiological adjustments by organ systems to maintain homeostasis
37
What are 3 things are involved in Homeostatic Regulation?
1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector
38
Receptor
detects stimuli or changes in the surrounding environment
39
Stimulus
A change the we see, smell, hear or feel
40
Control Center
receives and processes information transmitted from the receptor
41
Effector
Carries out commands from the control center Produces a change that maintains homeostasis.
42
Homeostatic Regulation involves ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
feedback mechanisms
43
Negative Feedback
original stimulus is opposed (negatively effected) by the effector response Minimizes changes to maintain homeostasis.
44
Positive Feedback
original stimulus is reinforced (not opposed) by the effector response. Increases changes that deviate from homeostasis.
45
Supine
lying down, face up
46
Prone
lying down, face down
47
Cephalon
head
48
Cervicis
neck
49
Thoracis
Thorax or chest
50
Regions of the human body
Cephalic region Cervical region Thoracic region
51
Planes and sections
Transverse / cross section Frontal / coronal Sagittal
52
Divides body into a top and bottom
Transverse Plane
53
Divides body into a front and back
Frontal Plane
54
Divides body into a left and right side
Sagittal Plane
55
Attached to the inner walls of the body cavity
Parietal
56
Visceral
Attached to the organ (viscera) visceral layer is part of the organ
57
Body cavities
internal chambers that hold organs
58
Body cavities funtion in .....
protecting organs from physical stress allowing for changes in size and shape
59
Ventral Body Cavity
Superior Thoracic Cavity Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity
60
Serous membrane is unique to .......
Ventral body cavity
61
Thoracic Cavity consists of ....
Single pericardial cavity Two Pleural Cavity
62
Serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
pericardium
63
Pericardium covering the heart is the
visceral pericardium
64
Pericardium lining the wall of the thoracic cavity is the
parietal pericardium
65
Which cavity surrounds the lungs
Pleural cavity
66
Pleura
rib
67
What is the difference between visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?
Visceral pleura covers the lung and the parietal pluera lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.
68
Serous membrane always consists of what two layers?
Visceral layer and Parietal layer
69
Describe the region known as the abdominopelvic cavity.
Anterior cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.
70
The body part that processes sensory information and decides if a response is needed is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Control center
71
ANTERIOR
Front surface
72
VENTRAL
Belly side
73
Posterior
Back surface
74
Cranial
Head
75
INFERIOR
Below
76
MEDIAL
Toward body's longitudinal axis
77
LATERAL
Away from body's longitudinal axis
78
PROXIMAL
Toward base
79
DISTAL
Away from base
80
SUPERFICIAL
At, near, close to body surface
81
DEEP
Far from body surface
82
Transverse Plane
Perpendicular to long axis
83
Sagittal Plane
Parallel to long axis
84
Transverse Section
Separates superior from inferior portions
85
Sagittal Section
Separates right and left
86
Midsagittal Section
Separates right and left along midline
87
Parasagittal Section
Separates right and left unequally
88
Coronal Section
Separates anterior and posterior
89
Oxygen O
Water, gas O2 energy production
90
Carbon C
Component of all organic molecules
91
Hydrogen H
Water and most compounds
92
Nitrogen N
In proteins, nucleus acids, other organic cmpds
93
Calcium Ca
Bones, teeth Membrane function, nerve impulses Muscle contraction, blood clotting
94
Phosphorus P
Bones, teeth, nucleic acids , hi-energy cmpds
95
Potassium K
Membrane function Nerve impulses, muscle contraction
96
Sodium Na
Blood volume, membrane function Nerve impulses, muscle contraction
97
Chlorine Cl
Blood volume, membrane function Water absorption
98
Magnesium Mg
Cofactor for many enzymes
99
Sulfur S
Proteins
100
Iron Fe
Oxygen transport Energy
101
Iodine I
Hormones of thyroid gland
102
aer-, aeros
air: aerobic metabolism
103
arter-, arteria
artery: arterial
104
bio, bios
life: biology
105
-blast, blastos
germ: osteoblast
106
bronch-, bronchus
windpipe, airway: bronchial
107
cardi-, cardio-, -cardia, kardia
heart: cardiac, cardiopulmonary
108
cerebr-, cerebrum
brain: cerebral
109
cervic-, cervicis
neck: cervical vertebrae
110
chondro-, chondros
cartilage: chondrocyte
111
cranio-, cranium
skull: craniosacral
112
cyt-, cyto-, kytos
hollow cell: cytology, cytokine
113
derm-, derma
skin: dermatome
114
end-, endo-, endon
within: endergonic
115
epi-
on: epimysium
116
hemo-, haima
blood: hemopoiesis
117
hemi-
one-half: hemisphere
118
histo-, histos
tissue: histology
119
hyper-
above: hyperpolarization
120
hypo-
under: hypothyroid
121
inter-
between: interventricular
122
iso-
equal: isotonic
123
leuk-, leuko-, leukos
white: leukemia, leukocyte
124
lyso-, -lysis, -lyze
a loosening: hydrolysis
125
myo-, mys
muscle: myofi lament
126
nephr-, nephros
kidney: nephron
127
neur-, neuri-, neuro-
neuron, nerve: neural
128
-ology, logos
the study of: physiology
129
ost-, oste-, osteo,
bone: osteal, ostealgia
130
oto-, otikos
ear: otolith
131
peri-
around: perineurium
132
phago-
to eat: phagocyte
133
photo-, phos
light: photalgia, photoreceptor
134
physio-, physis
nature: physiology
135
pre-, prae
before: precapillary sphincter
136
pulmo-
lung: pulmonary
137
retro-
backward: retroperitoneal
138
sarco-, sarkos
flesh: sarcomere
139
scler-, skleros
hard: sclera, sclerosis
140
sub-
below: subcutaneous
141
super-
above or beyond: superficial
142
vas-
vessel: vascular
143
Integumentary system
Protects body from environmental hazards; controls body temperature
144
Skeletal system
Supports, protects soft tissues: stores minerals; forms blood cells
145
Muscular system
Moves and supports body; produces heat
146
Nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
147
Cardiovascular system
Transports cells and dissolved materials internally, including nutrients, wastes, gases
148
Lymphatic system
Defends against infection and disease
149
Respiratory system
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur
150
Digestive system
Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, water
151
Urinary system
Eliminates excess water, salts, waste products; controls pH
152
Reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones
153
Cephalon
Head
154
Cervicis
Neck
155
Thoracis
Thorax or Chest
156
Abdomen
Abs
157
Loin
Lower back
158
Pubis
Anterior pelvis
159
Axilla
Armpit
160
Brachium
Arm
161
Antebrachium
Forearm
162
Manus
Hand
163
Pes
Foot
164
Planta
Sole
