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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 5 Lecture Notes Review > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system consists of …….

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

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2
Q

The functions of the skeletal system are …

A
  1. support
  2. storage of Calcium salts
  3. blood cell production
  4. protection of organs and tissues
  5. movement–used as levers by skeletal muscles
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3
Q

List the different bone shapes.

A

Long bones–longer than they are wide
short bones–similar to a cube
flat bones–thin, flat, curved
irregular bones–complex

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4
Q

The shaft of the bone consists of ______.
The marrow cavity is located within the _____.
List the two types of bone marrow.

A

compact bone
diaphysis

a. red marrow
b. yellow marrow

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5
Q

The enlarged end of the bone is called _____.

It consists of ____ overlying ____.

A

epiphysis

compact bone / spongy bone

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6
Q

Describe the periosteum

A 
covers the outher surface of the bone except at the joint.
protects the bone.
contains blood vessels.
ligaments and tendons attach to it.
Fibrous on the outside, cells on inside.
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7
Q

Endosteum lines the ____ walls of the _____ cavity.

Involved in the ______ and _______ of bone.

A

inner / marrow

repair / remodeling

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8
Q

Three types of bone cells:

A
  1. Osteocytes-“housekeepers”
  2. Osteoblasts-osteogenesis
  3. Osteoclasts-“release Ca++”
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9
Q

These cells are the most abundant cells in bone, the most mature bone cells, and they function in bone repair.

A

The osteocytes.

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10
Q

These cells absorb Ca++, produce new bone.

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Giant cells with 50+ nuclei, release Ca++ when breaking down bone.

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

Two types of bone tissue:

A
  1. Compact Bone

2. Spongy Bone

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13
Q

Compact bone aka _____.

The basic units of compact bone are _____

A

Dense bone

osteons

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14
Q

Osteons consist of a bone ____ organized into ___ with a central blood supply.

A

matrix

rings

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15
Q

The central canal is a _____ opening that allows blood vessels to transport ______ and ____ to and from bone tissue.

A

tube-like
nutrients
waste

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16
Q

Perforating canal

A

passageways allowing blood vessels from the central canal to connect with blood vessels of the periosteum and the marrow cavity

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17
Q

Lamellae

A

Cylindrical sheets of calcified matrix

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18
Q

Little cracks in lamellae are called …

A

canaliculi

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19
Q

Canaliculi connect _____ to _____ vessels.

A

lacunae / blood

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20
Q

Lacunae have small openings that contain____.

Located between the _____.

A

osteocytes.

lamellae

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21
Q

A structure unique to the spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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22
Q

Spongy bone contains no _____.

Trabeculae composed of the same _____ as osteons.

A

osteons

ECM

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23
Q

Describe the structure of trabeculae.

A

Rod-like structures which form a network with open spaces. Bone marrow fills the open spaces. Made of same ECM as osteons.

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24
Q

Two structures that are found in both spongy and compact bone.

A
  1. Canaliculi–small channels

2. Lacunae – small pockets

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25
Osteogenesis is the production of ____. | Ossification is the process that involves replacing cartilage with bone tissue produced by ______.
bone osteoblasts
26
Describe the two types of ossification
Intramembraneous ossification, when bone develops within sheets of connective tissue, eg. flat bones Endochondral ossification, when bone replaces hyaline cartilage eg. most bones
27
# Define bone remodeling. What is the purpose of remodeling?
The continous removal & replacement of bone matrix in bone. Remodeling of bone allows your bones to adapt to stress.
28
The cells that are responsible for maintaing vone structure are _______.
Osteocytes
29
What cell types are active in bone remodeling?
Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts
30
What does the axial skeleton do?
Supports and protects organ systems in the brain cavity, spinal cavity, and ventral body cavity.
31
List the cranial bones (8).
``` frontal bone parietal bones occipital bones temporal bones sphenoid bone ethmoid bone ```
32
List the facial bones (14).
``` maxilla palatine vomer zygomatic nasal lacrimal mandible inferior nasal conchae ```
33
List the bones of the thoracic cage/
sternum | ribs (12 pairs)
34
List the associated bones.
Hyoid bone | ossicles (ear bones)
35
List the bones of the vertebral column
``` Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (4 fused) ```
36
The appendicular skeleton consists of ....
pectoral girdle pelvic girdle upper limbs lower limbs
37
The clavicle and scapula make up the ____.
pectoral girdle
38
List bones of the upper limb.
``` Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones (8/hand) metacarpal bones (5/hand) Phalanges (14/hand) ```
39
The hip bones aka _______ make up the _____.
coxal bones | pelvic girdle
40
List the bones of the lower limb.
``` Femur patella tibia fibula tarsal bones metatarsal bones phalanges ```
41
Joints are found wherever ________. | Joints require a balance between _____, _____, need for ___.
two bones meet (articulate) | strength / stability / movement
42
True or false. | Some joints are immovable.
True.
43
Joints are classified based on: 1. ... 2. ...
1. Structure | 2. Function
44
List the 3 types of joints based on structure.
1. fibrous--consist of fibrous connective tissue eg. cranial sutures 2. cartilaginous-consists of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage eg. between ribs & sternum 3. synovial-surrounded by articular joint capsule made of fibrous tissue
45
The ends of bones at ball & socket joint are covered by ______.
articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
46
The types of joints based on function are:
a. synarthorosis --do not move, eg cranial sutures b. amphiarthoris-- allow slight movement eg. ribs&sternum c. diarthrosis -- freely movable joint, eg. humerus & scapula
47
____ and _____ are used interchangeably. | Eg is the _____ joint.
Diarthrosis / Synovial | knee
48
What are the 3 parts of the synovial joint?
Joint (articular) capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilage
49
What is the function of the joint (articular) capsule?
Fibrous outer layer that surrounds the joint cavity.
50
What does the synovial membrane do?
secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint.
51
Why do we need articular cartilage?
Because it is a cartilage pad that functions as a shock absorber inside the joint.
52
True or False. Arthro = joint
True
53
List the 7 parts of the knee joint.
``` joint capsule synovial membrane articular cartilage menisci ligaments fat pads bursae ```
54
What are the bursae?
Small sacks of connective tissue filled with synovial fluid. Function as a cushion between tendons, ligaments, and the surrounding tissues.
55
What do fat pads do?
protect the articular cartilage by serving as packing material. fill the spaces created in the joint during movement.
56
Ligaments of the knee are found _____ and ___ of the joint. Function to ____ bone to bone.
inside / outside | attach
57
Menisci
fibrocartilage pads that act as shock absorbers in the knee
58
4 types of Synovial joints (structure)
Gliding joint eg. carpal bones Hinge joint eg. humerus & ulna Pivot joint eg. atlas & axis Ball & socket joint eg. femur & coxal bone
59
Describe gliding.
When the surfaces of two bones slide past each other.
60
Describe flexion.
movement that decreases the angle between two articulating bones.
61
Describe extension.
movement that increases the angle between two articulating bones (opposite of flexion).
62
Describe abduction
Movement away from the midline.
63
Describe adduction.
movement towards the midline.
64
Describe circumduction.
Circular movement at the distal end of a bone at synovial joint.
65
Describe rotation.
Movement in a left to right direction. | eg. head movement left to right (involved atlas & axis)

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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