chap 19 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
an organ system which performs many processes that break down and absorb food
A
the digestive system
2
Q
what are the seven primary organs of the digestive system (mpessla)
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
3
Q
what are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system (splg)
A
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
4
Q
these organs assist in digestion with some enzyme or fluid that breaks down food but don’t actually process food
A
accessory organs
5
Q
mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions takes place using these three body parts
A
teeth
tongue
oral cavity
6
Q
secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, and many other vital functions are the function of this body part.
A
liver
7
Q
storage and concentration of bile from the liver takes place here
A
gallbladder
8
Q
exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones from this organ
A
pancreas
9
Q
dehydration and compaction of undigestable materials in preparation for elimination take place in this organ
A
large intestine
10
Q
secretions of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates come from this body part
A
salivary glands
11
Q
muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus is the function of this organ
A
pharynx
12
Q
transport of materials to the stomach takes place through this
A
esophagus
13
Q
chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions take place here
A
stomach
14
Q
enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions take place here
A
small intestine
15
Q
what are the six functions of the digestive system?
A
ingestion secretion mixing and propulsion digestion both chemical and mechanical absorption through blood or lymph defecation
16
Q
food being physically broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth tongue stomach and small intestine are all a part of what kind of digestion
A
mechanical
17
Q
food broken down into smaller molecules by chemicals called enzymes by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and small intestine are what type of digestion
A
chemical
18
Q
what are the 4 layers of the GI tract
A
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
19
Q
the innermost layer composed of epithelium that helps food move through the GI tract as well as protect it is what layer of the GI tract
A
mucosa
20
Q
this is a mucous membrane that lines the GI tract and secretes mucous that lubricates and protects the GI tract
A
mucosa
21
Q
this is the layer outside of mucosa that is made up of connective tissue blood and lymph, vessels and nerves; neurons located here control the secretions
A
submucosa
22
Q
the layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels lymph vessels and nerves
A
submucosa
23
Q
this layer is made up of two layers of smooth muscle one circular and one longitudinal
A
muscularis
24
Q
this layer is a connective tissue covering that secretes a fluid to lubricate the outside of the GI tract
A
serosa
25
this is the layer of smooth muscle outside the submucosa that is made up of multiple layers 2-3 that helps move food via peristalsis
muscularis
26
the sweeping wave that squeezes food through the digestive system
peristalsis
27
this is the outer layer of the GI tract that is also known as the visceral peritoneum and it helps protect the GI tract from the other abdominal organs
serosa
28
this is made up of two layers one lines the outside of abdominal organs and one lines the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
| visceral layer lines outside and parietal layer lines the abdominal cavity
29
what are the two major folds of the peritoneum
greater omentum
| mesentery
30
this lies oval all the organs and is the location where people develop a beer belly
greater omentum
31
this attaches the small intestine to the posterior wall
mesentery
32
what is the function of the mouth within the digestive system
mechanical digestion by the teeth
| chemical digestion by the salivary glands
33
what do the salivary glands secrete that works on starches
salivary amylase
34
this accessory organ helps move food to the back of the mouth for swallowing
tongue
35
these have two sets and are part of mechanical digestion
teeth
36
what are the three major regions of teeth
crown
root
neck
37
this is the visible portion of the tooth
crown
38
this is below the gums embedded in bone
root
39
this is the junction between the root and the crown at the gum line
neck
40
this is calcified connective tissue that is covered with enamel
dentin
41
what are the names of the two sets of teeth
deciduous and permanent
42
these are 4 teeth around the midline that are used for cutting food
incisors
43
these are adjacent to lateral incisors that are used to tear and shred food
canines
44
what is another name for canines
cuspids they have one cusp
45
these are posterior to canines and each person has two sets they are used for crushing and grinding, they have two cusps
premolars or bicuspids
46
these are the posterior most teeth, each person has 3 sets and one of them is usually removed
molars
| wisdom teeth are usually removed the very back set of molars
47
this houses the esophagus
pharynx
48
this is composed of skeletal and smooth muscle
esophagus
49
this regulates food entering into the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
50
what is the name of the condition that people get when their lower esophageal sphincter does not make a tight seal and instead allows bile to enter back up into the esophagus
GERD
51
what is the name gives to the bitefull of food that you swallow and describe the muscle action that takes place during swallowing
Bolus
voluntary skeletal muscle at the beginning of the esophagus is used when you first swallow a bolus of food then involuntary smooth muscle takes over and waves of contractions in the smooth muscle push the food down the esophagus into the stomach
52
what four regions make up stomach anatomy
fundus
cardia
body
pylorus
53
this is the domed top part of the stomach that sits to the left of the cardia
fundus
54
this is the 1st part that the food passes into through the lower esophageal sphincter
cardia
55
this is the main region of the stomach
body
56
this is where the stomach starts to narrow out and moves into the intestine
pylorus
57
what are the three structures that make up the stomach
pyloric sphincter
rugae
3 layers of muscle
58
this structure of the stomach controls the passage of food from the pylorus into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
59
these are folds in the stomach that allow the stomach to expand
rugae
60
these are the part of the stomach used for contractions to mix food with enzymes and other digestive juices
3 layers of muscle
61
what are the three functions of the stomach
storing and regulating food release into the small intestine
liquifying of food
initial chemical digestion of proteins
62
what is the name of the liquified food made in the stomach
chyme
63
what helps to liquify the food and breakdown proteins
gastric juices and muscle contractions
64
what does gastric juice contains that breaks down proteins
hydrochloric acid HCI and pepsin
65
what enzyme only works at low ph levels that exist in the stomach
pepsin
66
what are the 2 functions of the pancreas
regulate blood glucose levels
| secrete pancreatic juice
67
how does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels
through the secretion of insulin and glucagon
68
what is pancreatic juice made up of
bicarbonate an important buffer that helps regulate ph and other enzymes that continue to break down sugars and begin the digestion of fats
69
the anatomy of the pancreas is made up of what three parts
pancreatic duct
acini cells
Islets of Langerhans
70
these are the exocrine cells from the pancreas
Acini cells
71
these are the endocrine cells from the pancreas that make insulin and glucagon
Islets of Langerhans
72
this is the very large organ that helps in digestion
liver
73
what are the three main functions of the liver and what does it send to the gallbladder for storage
produces bile
regulates glucose levels
processes drugs and hormones
bile goes to the gallbladder for storage
74
the gallbladder stores bile that it then secretes into the _______ via the _____ _____ ____
secreted into the duodenum
| through the common bile duct
75
the pigmentation found in the gallbladder comes from what
bilirubin
76
what is the function of the bile that the gallbladder secretes into the duodenum via the common bile duct
to emulsify fats
77
these are crystals made from cholesterol that bile contains which may block the bile duct and often require surgical removal
gallstones
78
what are the two functions of the small intestine
most of the chemical digestion in the GI tract is done here
| absorption of nutrients and water
79
what are the three divisions of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
80
both the pancreas and gallbladder empty juices into this part of the small intestine
duodenum
81
this is the middle section of the small intestine
jejunum
82
this is the last part of the small intestine which empties into the colon
ileum
83
where does the majority of chemical digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine
jejunum and ileum
84
this part of the small intestines anatomy increases absorption and is spiraled to allow mixing to take place
circular folds
85
these are found within the circular folds and are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface
villi
86
these cover the villi and further increase the absorptive surface of the small intestines
microvilli
87
embedded in each villus are what
lymph and blood vessels
88
what is the name of the lymph vessel that's job is to absorb lipids
lacteal
89
the small intestines digestion is mechanical via what
segmentation (mixing)
90
segmentation is mixing of contents with enzymes not _____ ______ forward like ________
it does not propel food forward like peristalsis does
91
this is the chemical digestion in the small intestine
enzymes break down any large molecules into their smallest component so that they can be absorbed
92
what bodily function problem can occur in the small intestines
lactose intolerance
93
the small intestine absorbs what three things
monosaccharides
amino acids
lipids
94
monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via ______ _____ or _______ _____ then use ________ _____ to enter capillaries
monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via active transport or facilitated diffusion and use facilitated diffusion to enter capillaries
95
amino acids enter intestinal cells via _____ _______ then use _____ to enter capillaries
amino acids enter intestinal cells via active transport then use diffusion to enter capillaries
96
where do amino acids and monosaccharides go before they enter into general circulation
they go to the liver first then into general circulation
97
lipids enter the intestinal cells via ______ and are packaged into _______ AND then enter the lymph via the _________ located in the villus
lipids enter via diffusion
get packaged into chylomicrons
enter the lymph via the lacteal in the villus
98
this is the pouch located below the junction of the small and large intestine that makes up the first part of the large intestine
cecum
99
this is the slender little pouch off of the cecum
appendix
100
the appendix has no digestive function but it does contain ____ _____ that controls _______ entering the large intestine
contains lymphatic tissue
| controls bacteria
101
this is caused by a blockage normally from a piece of food in the cecum, that causes bacteria that normally appears in the appendix to multiply and cause infection
appendicitis
102
what are the symptoms of appendicitis
at first mild pain near belly button that moves towards the lower right abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting
103
if appendicitis is left untreated what can happen
it may rupture and lead to sepsis from the leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, the only treatment is surgical removal of appendix
104
this organ absorbs 90% of remaining water
colon or large intestine
105
what are the five sections that make up the colon or large intestine
```
cecum
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
```
106
this is the temporary storage site of feces as food moves through it accumulates and sensory receptors sense fullness
rectum
107
this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily relaxes once the rectum becomes full of feces and is responsible for the urge to defecate
internal anal sphincter
108
this is the skeletal muscle that you voluntary release when you defecate
external anal sphincter
109
the fecal matter passes through this external opening when you defecate
anus
110
the series of events that trigger defecation are known as what
defecation reflex
111
what are the series of steps that make up the defecation reflex
movement of feces into the rectum activates stretch receptors which trigger the defecation reflex, the internal anal sphincter relaxes automatically once the rectum is full causing the urge to defecate and then you voluntarily release the external anal sphincter when you actually defecate
112
what are the three overlapping phases of digestion
cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase
113
this phase takes place when you smell, see or think of food which stimulates salivation and secretion of gastric juices it is known as the brain phase
cephalic phase
114
this takes place when secretions increase and movement of the stomach is increased to promote entry of chyme into the small intestines
gastric phase
115
this takes place when events slow down the exit of chyme from the stomach and promote continued digestion
intestinal phase
116
An individual with a “beer belly” likely has large fat deposits in the greater omentum
true or false.
true
117
```
The small intestinal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of milk sugar into a glucose and galactose is called
sucrase.
maltase.
amylase.
lactase.
ribonuclease.
```
lactase
118
The circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the small intestine all function to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
true or false
true
119
The inner lining of the GI tract is a mucous membrane.
| true or false
true
120
```
All of the following are regions of the stomach EXCEPT the
cardia.
duodenum.
fundus.
body.
pylorus
```
duodenum.
121
```
The appendix is attached to the
cecum.
ileum.
ascending colon.
descending colon.
rectum.
```
cecum
122
The exocrine portion of the pancreas
consists of acini.
secretes several different enzymes to digest nutrient molecules in food.
secretes bicarbonate that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme.
connects to the GI tract by the pancreatic duct.
does all of these things.
does all of these things
123
```
Chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called
incisors
cuspids
premolars
molars
```
incisors
124
```
The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
```
submucosa
125
```
The first portion of the large intestine is called the
ascending colon.
cecum.
transverse colon.
rectum.
sigmoid colon.
```
cecum
126
The gallbladder produces bile and secretes the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct.
true or false
false it does not produce the liver does it stores and secretes
127
The absorption of fructose across the microvillar surface of intestinal epithelial cells, marked B in the figure, occurs by (sugars)
facilitated diffusion
128
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are considered to be part of the pharynx?
a c and e
129
```
Chyme is released from the stomach into the
duodenum.
esophagus.
jejunum.
ileum.
cecum.
```
duodenum
130
```
Which of the following digestion products are absorbed into the lacteals found within the villi?
monosaccharides
amino acids
tripeptides
nucleic acids
chylomicrons
```
chylomicrons
