chapter 21 Flashcards
1
Q
the urinary system is composed of 6 things 2 paired structures and 2 single structures what are they
A
2 kidneys
2 ureters
urethra
bladder
2
Q
this structure of the urinary system produces urine, conserves water, regulates PH, stimulates production of red blood cells, and transforms vitamin d into its active form
A
kidneys
3
Q
this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
A
ureters
4
Q
this structure of the urinary system stores urine
A
urinary bladder
5
Q
this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body.
A
urethra
6
Q
what are the two function of the urinary system
A
excretion of wastes
regulation of blood Ph volume and pressure
regulation of hormones
7
Q
what are the hormones that the urinary system makes and secreted that are used for regulation of blood ph volume and pressure
A
calcitriol
Erythropoietin
8
Q
what types of wastes do the kidneys excrete
A
metabolic nitrogenous wastes
9
Q
these structures of the urinary system are located lateral or next to the vertebral column behind the peritoneum
A
kidneys
10
Q
the indentation found on the medial aspect of the kidney, where blood vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave is called what
A
hilum
11
Q
what are the three regions of the internal kidney
A
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
12
Q
this is the outer layer of the internal anatomy
A
renal cortex
13
Q
this is the middle layer of the internal anatomy
A
renal medulla
14
Q
this is the innermost layer of the internal anatomy that collects urine before passing it into the bladder
A
renal pelvis
15
Q
what are the three structures of the internal anatomy of the kidneys
A
renal pyramids
renal columns
calyces
16
Q
these are the cone shaped structured found in the medulla
A
renal pyramids
17
Q
these are the cortex between the renal pyramids
A
renal columns
18
Q
these are the cup like structures that catch and then drain urine toward the renal pelvis and ureters
A
calyces
19
Q
these are the main blood supply going into the kidneys that receive 20-25% of cardiac output and gradually go to smaller and smaller arteries
A
Renal arteries
20
Q
the renal arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries that eventually reach what?
A
nephron circulation
21
Q
what are the four structures of nephron circulation?
A
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
22
Q
these are the first structure that renal arteries feed into
A
afferent arteriole
23
Q
the afferent arteriole feed into these structures where actual filtration takes place
A
glomerulus
24
Q
what is the name of the structure that exits the glomerulus
A
efferent arteriole
25
one exited the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole what does it enter
peritubular capillaries
26
blood drains out of the kidneys via what and where does it eventually drain into
drains out of the kidneys via the renal vein and eventually drains into the inferior vena cava
27
what is the name of the functional unit of the kidney that forms and filters the urine
nephron
28
the renal corpuscle a structure of the kidneys is composed of what two structures
the glomerulus and
| the glomerular or Bowman's capsule
29
this filters the blood
glomerulus
30
this surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerular or Bowman's capsule
31
after urine passes through the renal cortexes two structures what does it pass through next
proximal convoluted tubules
32
after the proximal convoluted tubules the urine goes through this structure which has both an ascending and descending part
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
33
once the urine goes through the Loop of Henle then where does it pass through
distal convoluted tubule
34
from the distal convoluted tubule where does the urine end up
in the collecting duct
35
name the 7 structures the urine passes through that make up the nephron
```
renal corpuscle (composed of next two)
glomerulus
glomerulus capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
```
36
what are the nephron tubes always in close proximity to
blood supply
37
what are the three function of the nephron
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
secretion
38
this function of the nephron filters small substances from the blood like water glucose and ions - this filtration is completely random and removes lots of stuff we might need
glomerular filtration
39
this function of the nephron returns some of the small materials that were filtered out that we need like glucose and water
tubular reabsorption
40
this function of the nephron is the pumping of those larger substances that the body wants to get rid of but are too big to be initially filtered like drugs and wastes
secretion
41
the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys per minute when you take blood and filter it across is called what
glomerular filtration rate
42
it is important to maintain a constant GFR, why?
too high or too low causes problems in the absorption process
43
substances are unable to be reabsorbed if the GFR is too ______?
too high unable to reabsorb substances
44
most substances get reabsorbed, and wastes are not removed if the GFR is too ______?
too low
45
what is the GFR used for?
to test kidney function
| low numbers are a sign of kidney disease or can also mean a blockage like kidney stones
46
what are the five structures of urine formation?
```
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
```
47
this structure of urine formation is where blood enters the glomerulus and is filtered into the bowman's cup
renal corpuscle
48
this structure of urine formation is where reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids takes place
proximal convoluted tubule
49
this structure of urine formation helps to concentrate the urine and where the main secretion of nitrogenous wastes takes place
Loop of Henle
50
this structure of urine formation is where movement of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions happen to help maintain blood ph
distal convoluted tubule
51
this structure of urine formation drains into the renal pelvis, many nephrons are associated with one of these and it contains receptors for ADH which causes the body to absorb more water out of the urine
collecting duct
52
what are the three hormones that regulate the nephron
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
antidiuretic hormone
53
this hormone regulates the nephron by causing reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium, and indirectly causes reabsorption of water because water follows sodium
aldosterone
54
this hormone causes the excretion of sodium and water, and lowers blood pressure; it is made by the atria and works opposite of ADH
atrial natriuretic peptide
55
this hormone causes reabsorption of water from the collecting duct
ADH Antidiuretic hormone
56
which two hormones increase blood pressure
ADH and Aldosterone
57
which hormone decreases blood pressure
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
58
these are compounds that slow the reabsorption of water, inhibit the reabsorption of sodium or decrease ADH secretion and are used as medications for individuals with high blood pressure because less water volume in blood lowers blood pressure
diuretics
59
this is the term for the analysis of the volume, chemical, physical, and microscopic properties of urine
urinalysis
60
how many liters of urine is normal production per day
1 to 2 liters per day
61
what is the normal color of urine and what can make it vary
yellow is normal but the color can vary with concentration or diet
62
besides color what is another thing to look for in the color of the urine
transparency it should not be cloudy
63
what is the smell that urine normally gas and what is it from
ammonia-like smell from urea
64
what is a normal PH for urine and what can make it different
usually ph is around 6 but diet can change this
65
this is the term for the measurement of urine concentration and normal is between 1.001 and 1.035
specific gravity
66
a test for specific gravity compares the heaviness of your urine to what?
water
67
what are the five different types of abnormal urine findings?
```
glucosuria
hematuria
pyuria
ketonuria
albuminuria
```
68
this abnormal urine finding means that there is glucose in the urine
glucosuria
69
what is glucosuria, or glucose in the urine a sign of
diabetes mellitus
70
this abnormal urine finding means that there are red blood cells in the urine
hematuria
71
hematuria, or red blood cells ins the urine is a sign of what
inflammation from kidney stones or kidney disease
72
this abnormal urine finding means that there are white blood cells in the urine
pyuria
73
what is pyuria, or white blood cells in the urine a sign of
infection
74
this abnormal urine finding means that there are ketone bodies present in the urine
ketonuria
75
what is ketonuria, or the presences of ketone bodies a sign of
diabetes mellitus or starvation
76
this abnormal urine finding means that there is an excess of albumin (the main protein in blood) in the urine
albuminuria
77
what is albuminuria a sign of
high blood pressure, kidney disease or trauma to the kidneys
78
these being present in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection, the most common being E. Coli
microbes
79
these are hardened clumps of material found in the renal tubules
casts
80
when do you usually find casts
found in people with albuminuria or concentrated urine (dehydration)
81
these are insoluble crystal salts found in the kidneys
calculi aka kidney stones
82
these are formed by crystals of salts in the urine caused by low water intake or increased calcium ingestion
kidney stones
83
what are the common symptoms of kidney stones
severe pain, low urine output, blood in urine
84
what is the normal treatments for kidney stones
let it pass naturally
medications to relax the ureters
shock wave lithotripsy
surgical removal
85
these are tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
86
this stores urine until it can be excreted and is lined with transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
87
these are found in the urinary bladder and help with expansion
rugae
88
this is the name of the smooth involuntary muscle that is used to push urine out of the body
Detrusor muscle
89
this structure transports urine from the bladder out of the body - there are two of them
internal urethral sphincter
| external urethral sphincter
90
this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily releases when the bladder is full
internal urethral sphincter
91
this is the voluntary skeletal muscle that you release when you urinate
external urethral sphincter
92
how do urethras' differ in men and women
men - longer and shared with the reproductive system
| women - shorter and separate from the reproductive system
93
these infections are caused by bacteria entering the urethra, usually E Coli as they are found in the colon and can come into contact with the urethra easily; women are affected by this more than men due to their shorter urethras and it being closer to the anus
urinary tract infections
94
what are the normal symptoms of a urinary tract infection
painful and frequent urination,
blood in the urine
fever may also be present
95
this is the term for the bladder becoming full and emptying and involves both voluntary and involuntary actions
micturition
96
what are the four steps of micturition
1 - when bladder is full, stretch receptors in the bladder send impulses to the spinal cord
2 - impulses from the spinal cord tell the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax
3 - impulses travel to the brain and initiate the desire to urinate
4 - voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter causes urine to travel down the urethra and out of the body
97
this happens in children due to neurons to the external urethral sphincter not being fully developed
urinary incontinence
98
what are the two causes of urinary incontinence experienced normally in adults
stress incontinence most common in middle aged adults
| incontinence due to weakness in deep pelvic floor muscles
99
what types of actions can cause leakage from the urinary bladder with urinary incontinence
sneezing, laughing, coughing, strain
100
```
The terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called the
uvula.
external urethral orifice.
ureter.
urethra.
collecting duct.
```
urethra.
101
```
Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule.
distal convoluted tubule.
ascending limb of the nephron loop.
descending limb of the nephron loop.
collecting duct.
```
proximal convoluted tubule.
102
The renal corpuscle filters components of blood plasma into the glomerular capsule.
true or false
true
103
Tubular secretion involves the movement of solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries.
true or false
false Incorrect Word: from/into (switch these two words to make statement correct)
104
```
The renal pyramids are located in the
renal cortex.
renal medulla.
urinary bladder.
renal pelvis.
renal papilla.
```
renal medulla.
105
Match the pathway for urine drainage to the correctly labeled structures.
```
diagram of kidney - path of urine is on the right hand side starting at the top with the collecting duct
then minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
ends at urinary bladder
```
106
```
The functions of the kidneys include
regulation of blood volume.
control of blood pressure.
secretion of erythropoietin.
regulation of blood pH.
All of the choices are correct.
```
All of the choices are correct.
107
```
The first step in urine formation is
tubular secretion.
secretion of ADH.
tubular reabsorption.
urinary excretion.
glomerular filtration.
```
glomerular filtration.
108
```
Females are more susceptible to UTIs than males because they have
a weaker immune system.
more nephrons.
shorter ureters.
a shorter urethra.
a weaker internal urethral sphincter.
```
a shorter urethra.
109
```
The functional units of the kidneys are called _____.
glomeruli
calyces
nephrons
corpuscules
tubules.
```
nephrons
110
```
All of the following are components of the urinary system EXCEPT the
urethra.
ureter.
urinary bladder.
prostate gland.
kidneys.
```
prostate gland.
111
The route of blood flow through the kidneys is as follows: renal artery - several smaller arteries - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - several veins - renal vein.
true or false
true
112
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute is called the renal filtration rate.
true or false
false it Is the glomerular filtration rate
113
```
Which of the following hormones increase reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?
renin
ADH
aldosterone
insulin
ANP
```
ADH
114
Diagram of kidney structures on the left hand slide starting at top with a-f
```
a - nephron
b- renal cortex
c - renal medullar
d - renal column
e - renal pyramid
f - renal papillae
```
