CHAPTER 15 Flashcards by Laneta Jones

The cardiovascular system is composed of what

the heart and blood vessels

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what are the functions of the cardiovascular system? 6 of them

moves oxygen
gets rid of waste products
transfers nutrients
regulates body temperature
regulates ph
provides protection through blood clotting and immune cells

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how many layers are there that surround the heart

4 layers

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the outside sack is composed of two layers called what

pericardium

epicardium

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the outside sack or outer membrane that surrounds and provides protection for the heart is called what

pericardium

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on the inside of the pericardium if the visceral layer that hugs the surface of the heart called what

epicardium

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this is the layer of cardiac muscle tissue that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

myocardium

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this is the smooth most inner lining of the heart cavities themselves

endocardium

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what are the four chambers of the heart

right and left atria

right and left ventricles

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these are the smaller chambers on top of the heart

atria

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which atria has a thicker layer of muscle

the left atria

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these are the large chambers on the bottom of the heart

ventricles

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this is the thin piece of tissue that separates the right and left ventricles

interventricular septum

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who do the atria have thinner walls

because they don’t need to push the blood very far, only to the ventricles

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what is different about the ventricles

they have a thick muscle layer left side is thicker than right side

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why does the left side have a thicker layer of muscle than the right

because the right ventricle is only responsible for pushing the blood into the lungs to be oxygenated that is not a very far distance to push so it doesn’t need as much muscle but the left ventricle has to push the blood out to the rest of the body so it requires a lot bigger push and more muscle to do this

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these great vessels of the heart are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart

arteries

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these great vessels of the heart are responsible for carrying blood to the heart

veins

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these three great vessels bring blood back to the right atrium from the rest of the body

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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these great vessels carry blood to the lungs to be infused with oxygen

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary arteries

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these great vessels carry blood back to the heart from the lungs after they have been infused with oxygen

pulmonary veins

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this main great vessel send blood out to the body once its oxygenated

aorta

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what are the valves of the heart

the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves

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this valves connect the atria and ventricles

atrioventricular valves

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the atrioventricular valve found on the right side of the heart

tricuspid valve

the atrioventricular valve found on the left side of the heart

bicuspid or mitral valve

these valves connect ventricles and their great vessels

semilunar valves

this semilunar valve connects the aorta with the left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

this semilunar valve connects the pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

what is the role of valves

to prevent back flow of blood they ensure a one way flow of blood through the heart

in this circuit blood flows from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary circuit

in this circuit blood flows from the heart to the body tissues

systemic circuit

what is the path that blood takes in the pulmonary circuit starting with the r atrium

``` right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and out through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs they get oxygen in the lungs and return to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium ```

what is the path that blood takes in the systemic circuit starting with the left atrium

once blood returns from the lungs into the left atrium it gets pushed through the bicuspid/mitral valve down into the left ventricle then the ventricle pushes it through the aortic semilunar valve up into the aorta which then sends it through arteries out to the rest of the body which then returns it through the many veins up into the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus to the right atrium where it starts all over again

this is part of the systemic circuit but delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart itself

the coronary circulation

these branch to ensure all of the tissue of the heart receives nourishment

coronary arteries

this drains blood from the heart back into the right atrium so that it can be re-oxygenated

coronary sinus

the heart is _______ - about ___% of the heart cells can generate and propagate action potentials

autorhythmic | 1%

what sets the rhythm of the heart

the pacemaker

signals travel along this system of which there are _ components.

cardiac conduction system | 5 components

this first step in the cardiac conduction system is found in the R atrium and initiates the heart rate (known as the pacemaker)

sinoatrial node (SA node)

the second step in the cardiac conduction system is found between the R and L atria and causes a pause in the electrical signal to allow the atria time to contract and push blood down in to the ventricles

atrioventricular node (AV node)

this third step in the cardiac conduction system is found in the beginning of the interventricular septum

atrioventricular bundle

this fourth step in the cardiac conduction system runs the length of the interventricular septum and sends action potentials to the ventricles

right and left bundle branches

this fifth step in the cardiac conduction system wrap up along the outer walls and send impulses up the walls of the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

an image of the electrical activities of the heart is known as what

electrocardiogram or ECG or EKG

what are the three parts of the electrical activity of the heart called

P wave QRS complex T wave

this is the electrical activity that signals the atria to contract and is known as atrial depolarization

P wave

this is the really big contraction that is made by the ventricles and is the signal for the ventricles to contract

QRS complex

this is the resetting of the heart when the heart is at rest and is called ventricular repolarization

T wave

variations in the size and duration of these waves and the spaces between can be used for what

to diagnose cardiac conditions

the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles all happen is 1 heartbeat and is known as what

the cardiac cycle

the period of contraction is referred to as what

systole

the period of relaxation is referred to as what

diastole

there are three events that make up the cardiac cycle what are they

diastole atrial systole ventricular systole

this event of the cardiac cycle is when the ventricles and atria are relaxed, blood flows into, and fills, atria and ventricles

diastole

this event of the cardiac cycle is when the atria contract, ventricles are relaxed and blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles

atria systole

this event of the cardia cycle is when the atria relaxes and the ventricles contract pumping blood to the entire body

ventricular systole

what are the two heart sounds

lubb | dubb

this is the first sound that is made when the atrioventricular valves - the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close as the ventricles contract

lubb

this is the second sound that is made when the semilunar valves - the pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valves - close as the ventricles relax

dubb

what is the cause of these sounds

a change in pressure but you are actually hearing the valves slamming shut

``` The left ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonary trunk. aorta. pulmonary veins. vena cava. ```

aorta

``` The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the sinoatrial valve. tricuspid valve. pulmonary semilunar valve. aortic semilunar valve. bicuspid valve. ```

bicuspid valve

true or false | All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain non-oxygenated blood.

false because the pulmonary veins carrying blood back to the left atrium are filled with oxygen

true or false | The heart valves prevent the backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle.

true

``` The P wave of an ECG indicates ventricular repolarization. ventricular depolarization. atrial repolarization. atrial depolarization. ventricular contraction. ```

atrial depolarization

true or false | During diastole, the atria and ventricles are contracting.

false | systole

``` The normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the Purkinje fibers. atrioventricular bundle. atrioventricular node. sinoatrial node. bundle of His. ```

sinoatrial node

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures in the cardiac conduction system? AV node, SA node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundles SA node, AV node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers, AV nodes, SA node, AV bundles SA node, AV bundles, AV node, Purkinje fibers

SA node, AV node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers

``` The blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the pulmonary sinus. vena cava. sigmoid sinus. coronary sinus. ```

coronary sinus

true or false | The atria receive the blood returning to the heart.

true

``` The ___________ separates the right and left ventricles. interatrial septum ligamentum arteriosum interventricular septum fossa ovalis ```

interventricular septum

``` The ________ circuit pumps blood between the lungs and the heart systemic coronary pulmonary respiratory ```

pulmonary

Which portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium? All chambers have equally thick myocardium. left atrium right ventricle left ventricle right atrium

left ventricle

The "lub," or first heart sound, is a result of the _______ valves closing as the ________ contract.

atrioventricular | ventricles

``` The inner visceral layer of the pericardium is also called the _________. parietal pericardium endocardium mesocardium epicardium ```

epicardium