chapter 16 Flashcards
1
Q
the branched network of arteries, veins, and capillaries is known as what
A
the blood vessel network
2
Q
these take blood away from the heart
A
arteries
3
Q
arteries branch out into these smaller arteries called
A
arterioles
4
Q
these take blood to the heart
A
veins
5
Q
veins are fed by these branches that are smaller veins
A
venules
6
Q
these are microscopic vessels that allow for exchange of material between the tissues and blood
A
capillaries
7
Q
the hollow inner portion of the vessel through which blood passes
A
lumen
8
Q
there are how many layers in a basic blood vessel structure
A
three
inner middle and outer
9
Q
this layer is lined with simple squamous epithelial cells known as what?
A
inner layer lined with endothelium
10
Q
this layer is made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and its thickness is dependent on the type of vessel
A
middle layer
11
Q
this layer is made up of connective tissue that helps to support and protect the rest of the blood vessel
A
outer layer
12
Q
these are the first arteries that exit the heart and they have a large diameter
A
elastic artery
13
Q
what is the makeup of elastic arteries
A
lots of elastic fibers in middle layer
14
Q
what do elastic arteries allow
A
the elastic fibers allow the vessel to recoil and propel blood as ventricles relax
15
Q
what is one example of an elastic artery
A
aorta
16
Q
elastic arteries branch out to these medium sized arteries called what
A
muscular artery
17
Q
what are muscular arteries made up of
A
lots of smooth muscle in the middle layer
18
Q
what is the function of muscular arteries
A
to adjust blood flow by changing their diameter
19
Q
how do muscular arteries adjust blood flow
A
contracting or relaxing the diameter
20
Q
this action relaxes the muscle layer and increase the blood vessel diameter
A
vasodilation
21
Q
this action contracts the muscle layer and decreases the blood vessel diameter
A
vasoconstriction
22
Q
muscular arteries eventually branch out to these
A
arterioles
23
Q
arterioles regulate blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries using what
A
precapillary sphincters
24
Q
this is a circular bit of smooth muscle found where the capillaries and arterioles meet that can clamp down to restrict blood flow or open up to allow blood flow through the capillary bed
A
precapillary sphincters
25
what is the job of the precapillary sphincters
to regulate flow of blood into the capillaries
26
these are microscopic blood vessels that connect an arteriole to a venule
capillaries
27
what are capillaries the site of
nutrient and gas exchange
28
tissues that need a lot of oxygen and nutrients have _______ capillaries and are called ________.
more
| vascular
29
what is an example of a vascular capillary
muscles
30
tissues that have a low need for oxygen or nutrients have ____ capillaries and are called ________.
less capillaries
| avascular
31
what is an example of an avascular capillary
tendons and ligaments
32
movement of nutrients and gases across the capillary bed is known as what
capillary exchange
33
this is the pressure in the capillary - pressure exerted by the blood onto the vessel walls
hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
34
what does hydrostatic pressure do?
forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the surrounding area tissues
35
this it the pressure created by the proteins in the blood (more protein=higher pressure)
oncotic pressure uses concentration gradient
36
what does oncotic pressure do
it pulls fluid into the capillaries
37
at the beginning of the capillary on the arteriole end, the blood pressure is what
very high
38
what does the very high blood pressure at the beginning of the capillary do
creates a high hydrostatic pressure which forces solutes and water out of the vessels
39
what is the process called in which the high hydrostatic pressure forces solutes and water out of the vessels
filtration
40
what happens about halfway through the capillary
the blood pressure drops
41
what happens when the blood pressure drops half way through the capillary
now the osmotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure - this causes most of the fluid to return to the vessel
42
what is the process called when most of the fluid is returned to the vessel at the venule end of the capillary
reabsorption
43
three parts to tissue exchange - the first one fluid exits capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what
filtration which happens at the arterial end of the capillary
44
three parts to tissue exchange - the second one is when the fluid in is the same since capillary hydrostatic pressure and colloidal osmotic pressure are equal where does this happen
in the middle about half way through the capillary - no net movement of fluid happens here
45
three parts to tissue exchange - the third one is when fluid re-enters capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is less than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what
reabsorption and it happens at the venule end of the capillary
46
veins have the same structure as arteries but with some slight differences the walls of veins are much _____ than in arteries
thinner (less muscle)
47
the lumen of veins is much ______ than in arteries.
larger
48
what do these differences the thinner and larger veins do for the human body
they allow veins to hold more blood - veins hold almost 65% of our total blood
49
what do veins contain that arteries do not
valves
50
what is the function of the valves in veins
to prevent the back flow of blood they ensure blood moves in one direction
51
what are the two main mechanisms that the body uses to return blood to the heart
skeletal muscle pump
| respiratory pump
52
this mechanism utilizes skeletal muscle contractions to return blood to the heart
skeletal muscle pump
53
this mechanism utilized pressure gradients in the chest when we breathe to return blood to the heart
respiratory pump
54
contraction of the leg muscles that pushes blood upward through the valves
skeletal muscle pump
55
what happens in the valves as the skeletal muscles pump
the far valves stay closed preventing backflow of blood
56
when you breathe in the pressure in the chest is lower than in the abdomen and so veins are squeezed in the abdomen which moves blood toward the heart
respiratory pump
57
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels
blood pressure
58
the top number in a blood pressure reading
systolic pressure
59
what does systolic pressure represent
the highest pressure
60
what is an average systolic pressure
120
61
the bottom number in a blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
62
what does the diastolic pressure represent
the lowest pressure
63
what is an average diastolic pressure
80
64
what is the name of the hormone that is released when the blood volume/pressure is low
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH
65
what does antidiuretic hormone do
it causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
causes blood vessels to constrict - increasing BP
overall effect is that it increases blood volume and blood pressure
66
what is the name of the substance released by the heart when blood pressure is too high
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
67
what does atrial natriuretic peptide do
it does the opposite of ADH
causes the kidneys to secrete sodium and water
its overall effect is a decrease in blood volume and pressure
68
blood pressure that is at or above 140/90
hypertension - high blood pressure
69
normal blood pressure is considered less than what
120/80
70
what can high blood pressure/hypertension lead to
multiple problems with the heart, brain, vision and kidneys and weakening of the blood vessels
71
how can you treat high blood pressure
diet and exercise
lower intake of sodium
lose weight
72
this artery brings blood up to the brain and the rest of the head
common carotid artery
73
this artery is found underneath the clavicle and travels along the clavicle before branching off
subclavian artery
74
this artery is the first branch off of the aortic arch and supplies the arm and head
brachiocephalic trunk
75
this artery leaves the heart and goes up a bit and then arches
ascending aorta
76
this is the continuance of the ascending aorta that then descends through the thoracic cavity and then into the abdomen
aortic arch
77
this artery is found in the abdomen and branches out into other main arteries
abdominal aorta
78
these arteries branch out of the abdominal aorta and take blood to your kidneys
renal arteries
79
these arteries branch out at the base of the abdominal aorta to supply the lower limbs
femoral arteries
80
this vein drains blood from brain tissue and other parts of the head
internal jugular vein
81
this vein drains blood from the arms
subclavian vein
82
this vein collects drainage from branches from both the subclavian and head
brachiocephalic vein
83
this vein runs along the arm diagonally across at the elbow and is an important blood draw vein
median cubital vein
84
these veins drain blood from the kidneys
renal veins
85
these veins drain blood from the lower legs
femoral veins
86
this medial vein that runs along the entire length of your leg and is actually the longest blood vessel in your entire body
great saphenous vein
87
since the fetus does not have working lungs there are certain modification to their circulatory system what are the name of these two structures
foramen ovale
| ductus arteriosus
88
this is the hole between the right and left atria that bypasses the right ventricle which send blood out to the lungs
foramen ovale
89
this is the vessel that connects the aorta with the pulmonary trunk and bypasses the lungs
ductus arteriosus
90
what happens to the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus after birth of the child
they both seal up
91
alternating expansion and relaxation of an artery each time the heart contracts and relaxes
pulse
92
what is the pulse normally the same as
heart rate
93
a faster than normal pulse or heart rate - more than 100 beats per minute is called
tachycardia
94
a slower than normal pulse or heart rate - less than 50 beats per minute is called
bradycardia
95
The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with
Group of answer choices
connective tissue.
lumen.
endothelium.
smooth muscle.
endothelium
96
n increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as __________ .
Group of answer choices
cavitation
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasospasm
vasodilation
97
The smallest diameter blood vessels are
Group of answer choices
arterioles
venules
arteries
veins
capillaries
capillaries
98
true or false
| The number on the bottom of a blood pressure reading is the diastolic pressure.
true
99
Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate hypertension?
Group of answer choices
150/90
100/50
90/150
120/60
150/90
100
Precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood
Group of answer choices
from capillaries to venules.
from venules to capillaries.
from capillaries to arterioles.
from arterioles into capillaries.
from arterioles into capillaries.
101
true or false
| Systolic blood pressure in arteries is always lower than the diastolic pressure.
false it is always higher
102
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the
Group of answer choices
venules.
veins.
arteries.
arterioles.
capillaries.
capillaries
103
true or false
| Osmotic pressure drives the filtration of solutes and water out of capillaries and into surrounding tissues.
false hydrostatic pressure
104
```
Venous return to the heart occurs due to pressure created by
A) contraction of the heart.
B) skeletal muscle pump.
B and C
A, B, and C
C) respiratory pump.
A and B
```
B and C
105
```
The movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries is called __________ .
secretion
filtration
reabsorption
uptake
```
reabsorption
106
```
In fetal circulation, the ______ is the hole between the left and right atria.
fossa ovalis
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
```
foramen ovale
107
```
The brachiocephalic trunk is found in the
chest.
arm.
neck.
leg.
```
chest.
108
```
The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with
connective tissue.
smooth muscle.
endothelium.
lumen.
```
endothelium
109
```
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the
veins.
capillaries.
arteries.
arterioles.
venules.
```
capillaries.
110
The walls of arteries are ________ than those of veins. Arterial lumen diameters are _______ than lumen diameters in veins.
thicker
| smaller
111
```
Atrial natriuretic peptide
increases blood volume.
reduces loss of water in the urine.
lowers blood pressure.
reduces loss of sodium in the urine.
```
lowers blood pressure.
