Chapter 13 Flashcards by Laneta Jones

This system is composed of organs and endocrine glands that release their hormones directly into the blood steam

the endocrine system

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a chemical that is secreted or made by an endocrine gland

hormone

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each hormone only affects what? This cell has receptors for that hormone.

target cell

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when does the hormone begin its effect

once the hormone binds to or enters its target cell

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why do we need regulation of hormones?

to prevent over or under production of a hormone, because there are side effects of either one

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what are the three ways that hormones are regulated?

1 - via input signals from the nervous system: epinephrine or norepinephrine
2 - chemical changes in the blood: parathyroid hormone responds to levels of calcium in the blood
3 - other hormones cause changes: ACTH regulates cortisol

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what are the 10 endocrine glands from head moving down the body

hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland - anterior and posterior
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes

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this organ of the brain contains neurons that secrete hormones; it works very closely with the posterior pituitary in that hormones that are made in this organ are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

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how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

it either activates or inhibits secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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known as the regulatory system for homeostasis

hypothalamus

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what two hormones does the hypothalamus produce and store in the posterior pituitary; posterior pituitary secretes them

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

OT - Oxytocin

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This hormones function is to conserve water by decreasing urine output and is secreted by the posterior pituitary

ADH - Antidiuretic hormone

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describe how ADH works in the system 6 steps

1 - workout occurs
2 - sweating happens which decreases blood volume
3 - hypothalamus is stimulated, and so it stimulates the posterior pituitary
4 - ADH is secreted
5 - ADH acts on the kidneys; kidneys reabsorb more water into the plasma
6 - blood volume increases

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This hormones function contracts the uterus during labor and stimulates release of milk or milk ejection during nursing; it is produced by the hypothalamus but secreted by the posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

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what is the name of the synthetic oxytocin that is used for inducing labor

Pitocin

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Describe the process of oxytocin in the body during labor

1 - the head of the baby stretches the cervix of the mothers uterus.
2 - in response to the stretching, nerve impulses are sent to the hypothalamus
3 - the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
4 - the posterior pituitary release Oxytocin, which travels n the blood to muscles of the uterus
5 - the uterus responds to Oxytocin by contracting more vigorously
6 - Uterine contractions increase dilation of the cervix, which stimulates further release of Oxytocin, which stimulates even more frequent and vigorous contractions
7 - At birth, stretching of the cervix lessens and the positive feedback cycle is broken

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Tis gland is the size of a pea, with 2 lobes anterior and posterior and is connected to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum

pituitary gland

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There are 7 major hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes what are the six you are required to know

1 - LH - luteinizing hormone
2 - FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
3 - hGH - human growth hormone
4 - PRL - Prolactin
5 - ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
6 - TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

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The function of this hormone is to stimulate growth of tissue and is usually only secreted during childhood

hGH - Human growth hormone

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This condition is caused by too much hGH being secreted during childhood; usually caused by tumors on the pituitary

Gigantism

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This condition is caused by having abnormally high amounts of growth hormone when you are adult and is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, it causes significant thickening of your hand, feet and jaw

Acromegaly

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This condition is under production of the human growth hormone in childhood usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, people with this condition are usually shorter than 4 feet tall and they can be treated with hGH medication to counteract the condition but those meds need to be given during childhood

Pituitary dwarfism

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This hormones function is to stimulates milk production during nursing

prolactin

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Prolactin is also produced by men for some unknown reason but overproduction of prolactin can cause what

erectile dysfunction

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a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland causing it to release another hormone is called what

tropic hormone

There are 4 tropic hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, what are they

1 - TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone 2 - ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone 3 - FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone 4 - LH - Luteinizing hormone

This hormone stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormone T3 and T4

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

This hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

This hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs or the testes to produce sperm

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

This hormone stimulates the testes and ovaries to produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

LH - Luteinizing hormone

This gland is known as the "Butterfly" gland; it is found in front of the neck, around the windpipe

thyroid gland

what three hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

T3 T4 Calcitonin

Which two hormones are collectively called TH Thyroid hormones

T3 and T4

Which hormone is also made by the thyroid gland and reduces blood calcium levels allowing bones to store calcium

calcitonin

These hormones function by increasing your metabolism through the basal metabolic rate, it needs iodine for production which it gets from your diet

TH Thyroid hormone

This condition is caused by the body not getting enough iodine through the diet causing it to grow larger and larger trying to get the thyroid too produce more or the thyroid hormone precursor; it has been greatly reduced by the introduction of iodized salt into our diet

Goiter

the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland; can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.; Doctors use anti-thyroid medications and radioactive iodine to slow the production of thyroid hormones. Sometimes, treatment involves surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland

hyperthyroidism

This disease is the most common type of hyperthyroidism; it is a autoimmune disorder in which a person's own antibodies mimic TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more TH, more than you need; common symptoms can include: Goiter, Exophthalmos (eye bulges), increased body temperature, weight loss

Grave's Disease

the condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones; may not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Over time, untreated hypothyroidism can cause a number of health problems, such as obesity, joint pain, infertility and heart disease.; Treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone is usually simple, safe and effective

hypothyroidism

These are four small glands on the back of the thyroid gland

parathyroid glands

This hormones function has the opposite effect of calcitonin, while calcitonin decreases the amount of calcium in your blood this hormone increases the amount of calcium in your blood

PTH - parathyroid hormone

Explain the balancing act that thyroid and parathyroid play a role in to maintain homeostasis

When blood calcium levels rise above normal the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin which makes the bones take up calcium returning the blood calcium level to normal whereas when blood calcium levels fall below normal parathyroid glands release PTH Parathyroid hormone which targets bones, kidneys and intestines, it makes the bones release calcium, the kidneys reabsorb calcium, and the intestines absorb calcium until normal calcium levels return to the blood.

This gland is found in the abdomen just below and behind the stomach; it is involved in secreting digestive juices; but is especially connected to blood sugar levels.

Pancreas

What two hormones does the pancreas produce

glucagon | insulin

This hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are high like after a meal; causes cells to increase glucose uptake, lowering the blood glucose levels

insulin

This hormone has the opposite effect of insulin it is secreted when blood glucose is low like between meals and it causes the liver to release glucose, which raises blood glucose

Glucagon

Explain the balancing act that takes place in the body between insulin and glucagon maintaining homeostasis

When the body senses that blood glucose levels are high the Pancreas secretes insulin this targets the liver to stop breakdown of glycogen to glucose, the muscle cells to take up glucose, and adipose tissue uses glucose to form fat until the body returns to a normal blood glucose level, however, when the body senses that the blood glucose levels have gone too low the pancreases secretes glucagon which targets the liver to breaks own glycogen to glucose until the normal blood glucose level has returned.

This disease Is an autoimmune disease caused by a persons own immune cells targeting the pancreas and making it unable to produce insulin; people with this disease have very low insulin levels or none at all; usually diagnosed in childhood; treatments usually involve insulin injections; characterized by Polydipsia (increased thirst), Polyphagia (increased hunger), and Polyuria (increased urination)

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes

This disease is not a problem with production of insulin but rather the cells of the body become desensitized to insulin because there is so much of it in the blood that it no longer responds to those levels; people with this disease normally have normal to high levels of insulin; treatment is usually diet and exercise

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Diabetes

These glands are pyramid shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys and contain 2 regions

adrenal glands

what are the two regions of organization in the adrenal glands

medulla - inner region | cortex - outer region

the outer adrenal cortex region produces three hormones, what are they

Cortisol Aldosterone Androgens

This hormone increases glucose levels and inhibits inflammation; however chronic stress can cause overproduction which suppresses the immune system and is hard on the heart

Cortisol

This hormone regulates Ion balance of Sodium and potassium; it causes an uptake of sodium and water into the body; urine output decreases and blood volume and pressure increase

Aldosterone

This hormone is insignificant in males but is responsible for sex drive in women

Androgens

This region of the adrenal glands responds to increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary

Adrenal Cortex

This region of the adrenal glands responds to neuron impulse sent by the nervous system that causes it to release hormones in response

adrenal medulla

what are the two hormones that the adrenal medulla produces as part of the fight of flight response

epinephrine and NE norepinephrine

Part of the sympathetic response, these two hormones prepare the body for a response to an emergency by dilating the pupils increasing the heart rate and increasing breathing

epinephrine and norepinephrine NE

These endocrine glands are part of the female reproductive organs

Ovaries

what are the two hormones that the ovaries produce to regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and are responsible for the female body shape

Estrogen | Progesterone

These endocrine organs are part of the male reproductive organs

Testes

what is the hormone produced by the testes that regulates sperm production and is responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics

Testosterone

This gland is found in the posterior portion of the brain; sits right behind and below the thalamus

Pineal gland

This hormone produced by the pineal gland s important in daily rhythms such as sleep; production of this hormone is increased with less light and causes you to feel drowsy

melatonin

``` _______________ increases blood calcium levels. a - Calcitonin b - Epinephrine c - Thyroid hormone d - Parathyroid hormone ```

d - Parathyroid hormone

``` All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT a - adrenal glands. b - pituitary gland. c - parathyroid glands. d - sweat glands. ```

d - sweat glands.

_________ is the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose levels, while _______ is the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

glucagon raises | insulin lowers

``` Calcitonin is a hormone released by the parafollicular cells of the a - parathyroid gland. b - thymus gland. c - adrenal cortex. d - pituitary gland. e - thyroid gland. ```

e - thyroid gland.

``` Oxytocin and ADH are made by the a - hypothalamus b - anterior pituitary c - posterior pituitary d - adrenal gland ```

a - hypothalamus

``` Hormones involved with the fight-or-flight response are released by the a - pancreas b - thymus c - adrenal cortex d - adrenal medulla ```

d - adrenal medulla

``` The most common type of hyperthyroidism is ________ disease. a - Graves' b - Cushing's c - myxedema d - Addison's ```

a - Graves'

TRUE OR FALSE | Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland.

False it is a hormone of the thyroid gland

TRUE OR FALSE | The pineal gland releases hormones involved with regulating sleep patterns.

TRUE

``` Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates testosterone production by the testis? A - GH B - FSH C - ACTH D - TSH E - LH ```

E - LH

``` Which of the following is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? A - androgens B - epinephrine C - cortisol D - aldosterone ```

B - epinephrine

TRUE OR FALSE | ACTH stimulates the production or sperm in the testes.

FALSE should be FSH Follicle stimulating hormone

In ________ diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. This type of diabetes is also known as _____________. The treatment for this type of diabetes is _________ . In _______ diabetes, body cells become desensitized to insulin. This type of diabetes is also known as __________ and can be treated with ________.

``` Type 1 Insulin dependent diabetes insulin injections Type 2 non insulin dependent diabetes diet and exercise ```

TRUE OR FALSE | Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland.

FALSE should be thyroid gland

where is oxytocin produced?

hypothalamus

where is oxytocin secreted from?

posterior pituitary

what does oxytocin do?

contracts uterus during labor and stimulates milk ejection

where is antidiuretic hormone produced?

hypothalamus

where is antidiuretic hormone secreted?

posterior pituitary

what does antidiuretic hormone do?

conserves water by decreasing urine output

where is human growth hormone produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does human growth hormone do/

stimulates growth of tissue

where is prolactin produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does prolactin do?

in males too much prolactin causes erectile dysfunction | in females prolactin stimulates ilk production

where is TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

acts on the thyroid stimulating it to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4

where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

affects the adrenal cortex by stimulating it to release glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol.

where is follicle stimulate hormone produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does follicle stimulating hormone do?

in males it stimulates the production of sperm by the testes | in females in stimulates production of eggs by the ovaries

where is luteinizing hormone produced and secreted?

anterior pituitary

what does luteinizing hormone do?

in males in stimulates production of testosterone by the testes in females it stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

where is thyroid hormones T3 and T4 produced and secreted?

thyroid

what do thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do?

Increases metabolism by increasing the basal metabolic rate

where is calcitonin produced and secreted?

thyroid

What does calcitonin do?

reduces blood calcium levels by causing bones to store calcium

where is parathyroid hormone produced and secreted?

parathyroid

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

Increases calcium levels in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium, the kidneys to reabsorb calcium, and the intestines to absorb calcium.

where is insulin produced and secreted?

pancreas

what does insulin do?

it is secreted when blood glucose is too high and it causes cells to increase glucose uptake, which lowers the blood glucose levels

where is glucagon produced and secreted?

pancreas

what does glucagon do?

it is secreted when blood glucose is too low and it causes the liver to release glucose into the blood raising the blood glucose levels

where is cortisol produced and secreted

adrenal cortex

what does cortisol do?

increases glucose levels and inhibits inflammation

where is aldosterone produced and secreted?

adrenal cortex

what does aldosterone do?

regulates ion balance of sodium and potassium, causes uptake of sodium and water - urine output decreases and blood volume and pressure increases

where are androgens produced and secreted

adrenal cortex

what do androgens do?

insignificant in males but in females it is responsible for sex drive

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced and secreted?

adrenal medulla

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

causes flight or fight response - dilates pupils, increases heart rate and increases breathing

where are estrogen and progesterone produced and secreted from?

ovaries

what do estrogen and progesterone do?

regulates menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy, and responsible for female body shape

where is testosterone produced and secreted?

testes

what does testosterone do?

regulates sperm production and is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

where is melatonin produced and secreted?

pineal gland

what does melatonin do?

Important in regulating daily rhythms such as sleep