chapter 23 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
external pouch that supports the testes is called what
A
scrotum
2
Q
within the scrotum is what that divides the scrotum into two sacs one per teste
A
internal septum
3
Q
what is found within the scrotum that maintains proper temperature of the testes
A
skeletal muscles
4
Q
what do the muscles of the scrotum do if the temperature becomes too hot
A
the muscles relax and the testes descend
5
Q
what do the muscles of the scrotum do if the temperature becomes too cold
A
muscles contract and the testes ascend
6
Q
paired oval glands in the scrotum that are the size and shape of walnuts
A
testes
7
Q
what are the testes covered by and what does it do
A
dense connective tissue
divides the testes into lobules
8
Q
these are located within the lobules and are the site of spermatogenesis
A
seminiferous tubules
9
Q
what is the term for sperm production
A
spermatogenesis
10
Q
what are the three hormones that make up the hormonal control of the testes
A
follicle stimulating hormone
testosterone
inhibin
11
Q
this hormone along with testosterone stimulates sperm production
A
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
12
Q
this hormone stimulated by LH (luteinizing hormone) along with FSH stimulates sperm production
A
testosterone
13
Q
this hormone has the opposite effect of FSH, it is released when sperm numbers are high and inhibits FSH
A
inhibin
14
Q
describe the negative feedback loop that is a homeostatic mechanism of the male hormone system
A
hypothalamus secretes GnRH to the anterior pituitary
the anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH
LH and FSH stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion by the testes
when the sperm numbers are high testosterone and inhibin inhibit the secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus and LH and FSH by the pituitary
15
Q
what are the names of the three cells of the seminiferous tubules
A
spermatogonia
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
16
Q
this is the name of the stem cell, that form sperm cells
A
spermatogonia
17
Q
this is the name of the sustaining cells that nourish developing sperm, control release into lumen and release inhibin
A
Sertoli cells
18
Q
this is the name of the cells found in the spaces between tubules that make and secrete testosterone
A
Leydig cells
19
Q
this is the name of cell division used to produce gametes (egg or sperm) with half as much genetic material.
A
meiosis
20
Q
what is a cell called when it only contains half of the genetic material
A
haploid
21
Q
what are the two stages of cell division
A
Meiosis 1 and
Meiosis 2
22
Q
in this meiosis chromosomes number is reduced by half and 2 cells are produced
A
meiosis 1
23
Q
in this meiosis which is essentially mitosis the chromosomes split between two cells created 4 cells
A
meiosis 2
24
Q
how many steps are involved in spermatogenesis and how long does it take to go through the steps
A
there are 5 steps
65-75 days
25
what are the five steps of spermatogenesis
```
1 - spermatogonia
2 - primary spermatocyte
3 - secondary spermatocyte
4 - spermatids
5 - spermiogenesis
```
26
in this step of spermatogenesis diploid stem cells replicate 1/2 replace the one that replicated and the other 1/2 continue in development
spermatogonia
27
in this step of spermatogenesis the diploid that continued development starts meiosis !
Primary spermatocyte
28
in this step of spermatogenesis the result of meiosis 1 is 2 haploids still connected
secondary spermatocyte
29
in this step of spermatogenesis the result of meiosis 2, four haploids are developed attached to one another
spermatids
30
in this step of spermatogenesis the spermatids separate and form into individual sperms
spermiogenesis
31
how many sperm are produced daily
300 million
32
what are the two parts of sperm
head and tail
33
the head can be further broken down into what two parts
haploid nucleus
| Acrosome
34
this is the name of the vesicle filled with enzymes that help the head of the sperm penetrate the egg
Acrosome
35
the tail has three pieces but which one contains mitochondria
the middle piece
36
what does the mitochondria do for the sperm
full of lots of ATP for energy for swimming
37
once sperm is ejaculated most do not survive more than __ hours in female reproductive tract
48 hours
38
sperm flow from seminiferous tubules into what comma shaped structure on the posterior border of the testes
the epididymis
39
the epididymis consists of the tightly coiled ______ ________ which is the site of sperm maturation and storage
ductus epididymis
40
this conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions and can store sperm for several months
ductus vas deferens
41
the ductus vas deferens enters the pelvic cavity along with blood vessels and nerves through what
spermatic cord which connects external testes to internal pelvic cavity
42
this is a procedure used to remove a portion of the ductus vas deferens
vasectomy
43
how does a vasectomy work
it removes the pathway for sperm to become part of semen
44
what happens to sperm when you get a vasectomy
sperm production still occurs but they are reabsorbed or destroyed by phagocytosis
45
what secretes most of the liquid portion of semen
accessory glands
46
what are the three accessory glands
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral gland
47
this accessory gland secretes an alkaline fluid containing fructose a high energy sugar for energy and prostaglandins; makes up 60% of semen volume
seminal vesicles
48
this accessory gland produces a fluid that contains clotting and liquifying factors and makes up 25% of semen volume
prostate gland
49
this accessory gland secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes acids from urine in the urethra and also mucous that lubricates the end of the penis and lining of the urethra
bulbourethral gland
50
this is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
semen
51
what is the average amount of sperm found per ml of semen
2.5 to 5 ml with 50-150 million sperm per ml
52
what is considered an abnormal amount of sperm per ml
anything less than 40 million
53
what does semen provide for sperm
transport medium, nutrients and protection
54
this male reproductive duct is formed by the union of the ducts of the seminal vesicle and the ductus vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
55
in males this is shared between urinary and reproductive systems and passes through the prostate and the penis
urethra
56
what is the function of the penis
to deliver sperm as close to the cervix as possible
57
what are the two steps involved in an erection
1 - spongy tissue fills with blood during arousal increasing the size of the penis
2 - the expanded tissue squeezes the veins shut so more blood enters than can leave - making the penis erect
58
one of a pair of glands that produce a fluid that nourishes sperm, thickens semen, and assists in movement of sperm once in the female reproductive system
seminal vesicle
59
a gland that produces alkaline secretions that activate sperm and reduce the acidity of the male and female reproductive system
prostate gland
60
one of a pair of glands that produce a mucous secretion before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra
bulbourethral gland or Cowper's gland
61
one of a pair of ducts in which sperm are stored and mature
epididymis
62
one of a pair of primary reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone
testis
63
one of a pair of ducts that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
ductus vas deferens
64
a tube that transports semen during ejaculation and urine at other times
urethra
65
spongy connective tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, causing erection of the penis
erectile tissue
66
the organ of sexual intercourse that delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
penis
67
the region at the tip of the penis that is rich in sensory nerves for sexual arousal
glans penis
68
these are the paired oval shaped glands in women that are homologous to the testes
ovaries
69
what do the ovaries produce
gametes (oocytes)
70
what hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone and others
71
what are the two layers of the ovaries
ovarian cortex
| ovarian medulla
72
this is the site of egg and follicle maturation in the ovaries
ovarian cortex
73
this is the layer of the ovaries that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
ovarian medulla
74
what is the name of the surrounding cells that nourish developing oocytes and secrete estrogens
ovarian follicles
75
this is a large fluid filled follicle that surrounds the egg
Mature Graafian follicle
76
this is the remnants of the ovulated follicle that produces female hormones until it degenerates
corpus luteum
77
what is the corpus luteum called once it has degenerated and no longer secretes hormones which eventually signals menses
corpus albicans
78
what is the name of the patterning women that is similar to spermatogenesis
oogenesis
79
what is the name of stem cells in oogenesis; they are diploid
oogonia
80
these start but do not complete meiosis 1 prior to birth
primary oocytes
81
when do primary oocytes continue meiosis and what do they do
once puberty begins the primary oocytes divide into a secondary oocyte and a polar body
82
this begins meiosis II but will only finish if the egg is fertilized
secondary oocyte
83
there are six steps to oogenesis what are they
1 - during fetal development meiosis 1 begins
2 - after puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body that may or may not divide again
3 - the secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2
4 - a secondary oocyte and first polar body is ovulated
5 - after fertilization, meiosis 2 resumes, the oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body
6 - the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum unite forming a diploid zygote
84
fertilization of an oocyte usually occurs here
uterine or fallopian tubes
85
what is the function of the fallopian tubes
to transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to the uterus
86
these sweep the egg into the uterine tube
fimbriae
87
what are the uterine tubes lined with that propel the egg into the uterus
cilia
88
what are the three anatomical parts of the uterus
fundus
body
cervix
89
this is the superior portion of the uterus
fundus
90
this is the tapering central portion of the uterus
body
91
this is the narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
cervix
92
what are the names of the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
93
this is the outermost covering that is part of the visceral peritoneum
perimetrium
94
this is the really big muscle layer that makes us the bulk of the uterus that is composed of layers of smooth muscle
myometrium
95
this is the inner layer that is highly vascularized and is shed during menses each month
endometrium
96
this is the name for the canal extending from the exterior of the body to the cervix that is highly flexible
vagina
97
this forms a border around and partially closes the vaginal orifice
hymen
98
this layer of the vagina contains compounds that become acidic when they are decomposed and are harmful to sperm and bacteria
mucosal layer of the vagina
99
this can stretch to receive the penis during intercourse as well as during childbirth
the muscular layer of the vagina
100
what are the names of the four external genitalia
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
101
this external genitalia part cushions the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
102
this external genitalia part is lateral and larger
labia majora
103
this external genitalia part is medial and smaller
labia minora
104
this external genitalia part is small erectile tissue mass containing numerous nerves and blood vessels; homologous to glans penis
clitoris
105
what are the four areas of the breast that you need to know
nipple
areola
mammary glands
colostrum
106
this has openings for the milk ducts to release milk
nipple
107
this is the pigmented area surrounding the nipple
areola
108
this is the name of the modified sudoriferous gland that produces milk
mammary glands
109
this comes before the appearance of true milk around the 4th day after firth and is rich in carbs, protein and antibodies
colostrum
110
this is the term that includes two cycles, and hormonal changes that regulate them, and related changes to the breast and cervix
female reproductive cycle
111
what are the two cycles that make up the female reproductive cycle
ovarian cycle
| uterine cycle
112
this is a series of events in the ovaries that prepare and mature the oocyte
ovarian cycle
113
this is a series of changes in endometrium preparing it for arrival of fertilized ovum and subsequent breakdown
uterine cycle
114
what are the three hormones involved in hormonal regulation of the female reproductive cycle
estrogens
progesterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
115
this is secreted mostly by ovarian follicles; promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics
estrogens
116
this is secreted by the corpus luteum; works with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production
progesterone
117
this is made by the anterior pituitary and stimulates further follicular development and secretion of estrogens, triggers ovulation, and promotes formation of corpus luteum
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
118
how ling is a typical female cycle
24-35 days with an average of 28 days
119
what are the four phases of the female cycle
1 - menstrual phase
2 - preovulatory phase
3 - ovulation
4 - postovulatory phase
120
this phase of the female cycle is the first 5 days
menstrual phase
121
what events take place in the ovaries during menstrual phase
FSH stimulates several ovarian follicles to grow and enlarge
122
what events take place in the uterus during the menstrual phase
endometrium sloughs off as menstrual discharge due to a drop in progesterone and estrogen
123
this phase of the female cycle is days 6 - 13 in a 28 day cycle
preovulatory phase or follicular phase
124
what happens during the preovulatory phase
one dominant follicle outgrows the others; hormonal signals cause other follicles to stop growing; follicle produces and secretes estrogens
125
what happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase aka the proliferative phase
estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium and the endometrium doubles in thickness
126
what happens during day 14 of a 28 day cycle
ovulation
127
how does ovulation occur
Graafian follicle ruptures releasing secondary oocyte
| high levels of estrogen exert a positive feedback effect on LH and a surge in LH causes ovulation
128
what happens on days 15 to 28
postovulatory phase also known as luteal phase
129
what events occur and where during the postovulatory phase
events occur only in one ovary (the one that ovulated); the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum due to increase of LH and secretes progesterone and estrogen
130
what happens to the corpus luteum if no fertilization takes place
the corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks and then degenerates into a corpus albicans at which point progesterone and estrogen levels drop and menstruation begins which signals a restart of the cycle
131
what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does take place
corpus luteum lasts longer than 2 weeks
132
what is secreted by embryo 8 days after fertilization
HcG human chorionic gonadotropin
133
what happens during the postovulatory phase in the uterus
progesterone and estrogens from the corpus luteum causes growth of endometrium; if no fertilization takes place progesterone and estrogen decline due to degeneration of corpus luteum which leads to menstruation
134
these administer a continuous level of hormones either progesterone or estrogen or both for three weeks
oral contraceptives
135
why do oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy
no increase in estrogen therefore no sure in LH which means no ovulation, no formation of corpus luteum, and no thickening of endometrium
136
what happens on oral contraceptives after the three weeks of hormones
one week of no hormones taken which leads to a drop in hormone levels which leads to menstruation
137
what are the two types of intrauterine devices discussed in class
hormonal or non-hormonal
138
how do intrauterine devices work to prevent pregnancy
killing or damaging sperm
causing the cervical mucous to become very thick not allowing sperm to pass
making the uterine lining thinner and not adequate for implantation
139
how long does a pregnancy last and what is that time period divided up into
40 weeks divided into trimesters
140
what are normal maternal changes that occur during pregnancy
hormones estrogen and progesterone steadily increase
increased weight gain from fetus, amniotic fluid, and uterine enlargement
heart rate and blood volume increase during second half of pregnancy
various changes occur in the urinary and respiratory system
nausea and vomiting are common
141
the process by which the fetus is expelled from the birth canal is called what
labor
142
actually giving birth is called what
parturition
143
describe true labor
regular and increasing frequency and intensity of contraction with shortening intervals
144
describe false labor
irregular contractions, no intensification, change of position may cause them to stop
145
what are the three stages of labor
cervical dilation
fetal descent and birth
placenta birth
146
in this stage of labor the cervix shortens and widens to 10 cm the amniotic sac usually ruptures and ends with the urge to push
cervical dilation stage
147
in this stage of labor contractions become 2 to 3 minutes apart and can last up to a minute long; crowning occurs, and eventually delivery of baby
fetal descent and birth
148
in this stage of labor contractions continue push the placenta out and aiding clotting; placenta detaches and delivers, cord is cut and clamped
placenta birth
149
what are three complications that were discussed in class
placenta previa
placental abruption
preeclampsia
150
this is when the placenta develops blocking the uterine opening and the baby cannot be delivered naturally
placenta previa
151
this is when the placenta separates from the uterus too early; the major concern is that the mom will hemorrhage
placental abruption
152
this is pregnancy induced hypertension
preeclampsia
153
this secretes inhibin
Sertoli cells
154
this is the compartments of the testes
lobule
155
this contains mitochondria
Midpiece
156
this is the sac on the head of sperm that contains enzymes used to penetrate the egg
acrosome
157
this is the maturation of spermatids to sperm
spermiogenesis
158
this secretes testosterone
Leydig cells
159
this stem cell forms sperm
spermatogonia
160
this is sperm formation
spermatogenesis
161
this is the site of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubule
162
this is formed by the union of the seminal vesicle and ductus vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
163
this is the structure through which the ductus vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves exit the pelvic cavity
spermatic cord
164
this is the site of sperm maturation and storage
epididymis
165
this is the shared passageway with urinary and reproductive systems
urethra
166
this is the coiled tube within the epididymis
ductus epididymis
167
this carries sperm out of the epididymis
ductus vas deferens
168
this is the mature follicle that contains ready to ovulate secondary oocyte
Graafian follicle
169
this is left over genetic material
polar body
170
this is stem cells that produce oocytes
oogonia
171
this is remnants of the ovulated follicle that secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
172
this begins meiosis II but arrests and then completes meiosis after fertilization
secondary oocyte
173
this starts but does not complete meiosis 1 during the fetal period
primary oocyte
174
this is essentially scar tissue from ovulated follicle, releases no hormones
Corpus albicans
175
this is the region between the labia minora
vestibule
176
this is homologous to glans penis in men or the tip of the penis
clitoris
177
this opens into the vagina
cervix
178
this is the site of fertilization
uterine or fallopian tubes
179
this is medial and smaller tissue external to the vaginal opening
labia minora
180
this forms a border around and partially closes the vaginal orifice
hymen
181
this cushions the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
182
this is the central portion of the uterus
body of uterus
183
this is the canal extending from the exterior of the body to the cervix
vagina
184
this is the lateral and larger tissue external to the vaginal opening
labia majora
185
this is the superior rounded portion of the uterus
fundus
186
these sweep eggs into the uterine tube
fimbriae
187
```
Sperm production occurs in the
Sertoli cells.
seminiferous tubules.
interstitial cells of Leydig.
epididymis.
vas deferens.
```
seminiferous tubules
188
```
Place the structures that sperm passes through in order.
1
2
3
4
5
6
```
```
1 - seminiferous tubules
2 - epididymis
3 - ductus vas deferens
4 - ejaculatory duct
5 - prostatic urethra
6 - penile spongy urethra
```
189
```
The structure that separates the uterine body from the vagina is the
uterine tube.
fundus.
cervix.
vulva.
hymen.
```
cervix
190
```
During spermatogenesis, the cells formed by meiosis II are called
spermatids.
sperm cells.
primary spermatocytes.
secondary spermatocytes.
spermatogonia.
```
spermatids
191
```
The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells of Leydig is stimulated by
inhibin.
luteinizing hormone (LH).
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
relaxin.
progesterone.
```
LH
192
Mammary glands are modified endocrine glands that produce milk.
true or false
false they are modified sudoriferous glands
193
```
Which of the following cells is the least mature type of spermatogenic cell?
sperm cell
spermatid
spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
```
spermatogonia
194
```
Approximately 60 percent of the volume of semen is produced by the
prostate gland.
Cowper's gland.
seminal vesicles.
testis.
bulbourethral gland.
```
seminal vesicles.
195
```
Fertilization usually occurs in the
vagina.
uterus.
cervix.
uterine tubes.
ovaries.
```
uterine tubes.
196
```
The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is
LH.
FSH.
prolactin.
progesterone.
relaxin.
```
progesterone
197
```
The type of ovarian follicle that ruptures at the time of ovulation is called a
primary follicle.
secondary follicle.
corpus luteum.
graafian follicle.
primordial follicle.
```
graafian follicle.
198
Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and then transported to the epididymis for long-term storage.
true or false
false not long-term storage should be maturation
199
```
The structure of the female reproductive system that contains erectile tissue is the
external urethral orifice.
vaginal orifice.
labia minora.
mons pubis.
clitoris.
```
clitoris.
200
```
Place the stages of the female cycle in order.
1
2
3
4
```
1 - menstrual phase
2 - preovulatory phase
3 - ovulatory phase
4 - postovulatory phase
201
Gametes differ from all other body cells because they are diploid cells.
true or false
false they are haploid
