Chap 4 Flashcards by Daphmy Francois

Eukarya:
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa

Microorganisms

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Eukarya:
Animals
Plants

Macroorganisms

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Archaea

Bacteria

Microorganisms

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Greek word prenuleus

Prokaryote

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Greek word true nucleus

Eukaryote

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Morphology (shape) 
Chemical composition (staining) 
Nutritional requirements 
Biochemical activities 
Source of energy

Bacteria differentiation

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Bacillus (rod shaped)
Coccus (spherical)
Spiral

Basic shapes

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Spirillum
Vibrio
Spirochete

Spiral

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Round, spherical, oval or elongated

Coccus

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Remain attached in chain like patter

Streptococci

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Form grape like clusters

Staphlococci

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Rod shaped

Bacillus

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Single
Dipolcacilli
Streptobacilli
Coccobacilli

Bacillus

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Vibrios
Spirilla
Spirochetes

Spiral

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Star shaped

Stella

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Hallarcula

Square

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Rhizobium

Corynebacterium

Plemomorphic Bactria

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Can have more than one genetically controlled shape

Pleomorphic

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Sugar coat outside cell wall that is viscous and sticky.
Contains polysaccharide and/or polypeptide
Capsule if organized
Slime layer if unorganized

Glycocyx

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Important virulence factor
Protect from from phagocytosis
Allows bacteria to attach to surfaces

Capsule

Structures external to cell wall

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Treponema pallidum

Spirochete

Cause syphilis

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Found in gram negative bacteria
Shorter straighter, thinner than flagella
Made of protein pilin

Fibriae

Pili

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Joins cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another

Pili

Sex pili

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Enable cell to adhere to surfaces
If absent no colonization of bacteria no disease
Forms biofilms

Fimbriae

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Cell wall composed of repeating monosaccharides N-acetulglucodamine and N-acetulmuraic acid

Peptidoglycan

Consists of many Layers of Peptidoglycan Contains trichroic acids Lipoteichoic-plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid-linked to Peptidoglycan layer

Gram positive bacteria

Have one or few layers of Peptidoglycan No teichoic acid in cell wall Peptidoglycan present in peri plasm

Gram negative Bacteria

Contain pigments and enzymes for bacterial photosynthesis are found in plasma membrane

Chromtophores

Bacterial cells will shrink ms collapse as water leaves the cell by osmosis

Hypertonic solution

Cell with weak wall may burst | (Gram negative

Hypotonic solution

Type of active transport that occurs only in prokaryotes Substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane. Once inside the cell plasma membrane is impermeable to it. Remains inside the cell Uses high every guy phosphate compounds phosphoenol puruvic acid

Group translocation.

Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walks additional layers formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane when nutrients are depleted

Endospores

Process of endospore formation within vegetative cell

Sporulation

Process of an endospore returning to its vegetative state triggered by breakdown in its cost and resumption of metabolism

Germination

DNA not enclosed in nuclear membrane

Prokaryotes

DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane

Eukaryotes

DNA associated in histones and non histones

Eukaryotes

Divide by binary fission Plasma membrane has no carbohydrates and no sterols No cytoskeleton Ribosomes smaller

Prokaryotes

Divide by mitosis Carbohydrates and sterols are present and serve as receptors Ribosomes larger size Sexual reproduction involves meiosis

Eukaryotes

Remain in groups of four

Tetrad

Remain in cube like groups of eight

Sarcinae

Gelatinous polymer of either one or both 1. Polysaccharides 2. Polypeptide Made inside and secreted into surface

Glycocyx

Single polar flagellum

Monotrichous

Tuft of flagella on both ends

Amphitrichous

2 or more flagella at one pole

Lophotrichous

Flagella distributed over entire cell

Peritrichous

Filament Hook Basal body

Flagella

Long outer most region Constant diameter Composed of flagellum

Filament

Found in spirochetes also called endoflagella Anchored at one end of spirochete Made of bundles of fibrils beneath on outer sheath and spiral around the cell.

Axial filament

Lipopolysachharide outer membrane and phospholipids Barrier to penicillin,twosomes, bile, salts, detergents Lipid A endotoxin toxic in host blood GI tract causes fever and shock

Gram Negative Bacteria

O polysaccharide used for identification Lipid A

Gram negative outer membrane

Target cell wall

Lysozymes

Fd in eukaryotic cells, tears, saliva Cuts sugar backbone of Peptidoglycan Gram positive wall destroyed Gram negative wall not destroyed

Lysozymes

Wall less cells

Protoplast

Destroyed by osmotic lysis

Protoplast and spheroplast

Small circular double stranded DNA molecule which are extra chromosomal. Carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production for toxins, synthesis if enzymes. Can be transferred from one cell to another

Plasmids

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

70s- two units w/proteins and ribosomal RNA 50s-two RNA molecule 30s-one molecule of RNA

Prokaryote ribosomes

Attacked by Erythromycin and chloramphenicol

50s

Attack by streptomycin and gentamycin

30s

Reserve deposits for certain infusions | Metachromatic granules-Reserve for inorganic phosphate and polysaccharide granules of glycogen and starch

Inclusions

Phosphate reserves

Metachromatic granules

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

Carboxysomes

Protein-coveted cylinders

Gas vacuoles

Iron oxide destroys H2O2

Magnetosomes

Cell projections contain cytoplasm enclosed by plasma membrane consisting of 10 pairs of microtubles (9+2) Creates wavelike movement and has tapering Made of protein Tubulin

Eukaryotic flagellum

Cellulose

Algae and plant cell wall

Chitin

Fungi cell wall

Glucan and Mannan

Yeast cell wall

Cell drinking

Pinocytosis

Cell eating

Phagocytosis

80s with 60s and 40s subunits 70s are present inside chloroplast and inside mitochondria RER ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for plasma membrane for export out the cell Free ones synthesize proteins to be used inside the cell

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Provide walls antigenic specificity

Teichoic acid gram positive

Acid fast bacteria have mycolic acid a waxy lipid outside Peptidoglycan

Mycobacteria

Substance move from higher conc to lower conc w/I expenditure of cellular energy

Passive process

Substance move from lower conc to higher con mc with use of cellular energy

Active process

Synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids Liver-release glucose and detoxify drugs Muscle-release calcium ions

Smooth ER

Proteins are modified by enzymes to form glycoproteins, lipoproteins Packaging center

Golgi complex

Formed by Golgi complex | Contain 49 different kinds of powerful hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules and bacteria

Lysosomes

Formed by division of pre-existing peroxisomes Contain enzymes to oxidize various organic substances, detoxify alcohols Catalase hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

Chap 4 Flashcards

(80 cards)