Chap1 Flashcards by Daphmy Francois

Bacteria
Archae
Fungi 
Protozoa 
Algae 
Viruses

Types of microorganisms

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Bionomial nomenclature established in 1735

Carolus Linnaeus

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Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan
Binary fission

Bacteria

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Prokaryotes 
May have cell walls 
Found in extreme environments
Methanogens 
Halophiles 
Thermopiles

Archae

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Eukaryotes 
Have cell wall composed of Chitin
Fungi-molds-mushrooms
Reproduce sexually or asexually 
Absorb organic material from environment

Fungi

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Unicellular 
Eukaryotes 
Pseudopods 
Asexually or sexually 
Ingest organic material from environment

Protozoa

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Unicellular or multicellular 
Eukaryotes 
Sexually or asexually 
Cell wall composed of cellulose 
Photosynthesizers 
Produce molecular oxygen and carbohydrates

Algae

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Multicellular eukaryotes

Parasitic flatworms/roundworms

Helminths

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Acellular
Core Contains DNA OR RNA
Surrounded by protein coat
Obligate intercellular parasites

Viruses

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All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells

Cell theory

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Life’s smallest structural units are cells
Slice of cork
First observation marked cell theory

Robert Hooke 1665

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Theory that some form of life could arise spontaneously from nonlivin matter

Spontaneous generation

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Hypothesis that living organisms arose from pre-existing life

Biogenesis

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Demonstrated that maggots do not arise from decaying meat

Francisco Redi

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Challenged spontaneous generation
Said cells arose from pre-existing cells
Biogenesis

1858

Rudolf Virchow

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Microorganisms develop spontaneously from the fluid
Used nutrient broth
In favor for spontaneous generation

John Needham 1745

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Showed that nutrient broths heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth

Lazzaro Spallanzani 1765

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Disapproved of spontaneous generation
Microbes can be present in nonliving matter
Hear destroys microbes
Aseptic technique

Louis Pasteur 1861

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Microbes responsible fermentation
Microbial growth spoils food
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar

Louis Pasteur

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Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine

Fermentation

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Application of high hear for short period of time

Pasteurization

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Demonstrated physicians who did not disinfect hands transmitted puerperal or childbirth fever from one patient to another

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

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Carbolic phenol acid kills microbes

Microbes cause surgical wound infection.

Joseph Lister 1860

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Discovered cause of Anthrax
First to prove bacteria cause disease
Sequence of experiments called Koch Postulates used to prove particular microorganisms cause particular disease
Proved germ theory of disease

Robert Koch 1876

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Protection from disease provided by vaccination

Immunity

Chemotheraputic agents prepared naturally by bacteria and fungi or kill other microbes

Antibiotics

Destroy pathogens without harming host | Found first synthetic drug called Salvarsan that was an arsenic derivative provided salivation from syphillis

Paul Ehrlich

Accidentally got mold on culture plates of bacteria. Noticed chemical produces by mold inhibited growth of bacteria and named is penicillin which is first none antibiotic

Alexander Fleming

Bacterium discovered by Heide Shultz. That is visible with unaided eye. It consumes hydrogen sulfide which is toxic for animals

Thiomargaritza namibiensis

Study of fungi

Mycology

Reported disease cause by very small micron in Tabasco called modish virus Electron microscope made virus observation possible

Dmitri Iwanowski 1892

Study if immunity. | Vaccines and interferons are investigated to prevent and cure viral disease

Immunology

study of how microbes inherit traits

Microbial genetics

Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

Molecular biology

Study of an organisms genes m. Had provided tools for classifying microorganisms

Genomics

DNA made from two different sources

Recombinant DNA

Microbes normally present on and in human body Generally do no harm Produce growth factors of folic acid, vitamin K and b

Normal microbiota

Beneficial microbes remove harmful and undesirable components Liquids bad organic material converted by bacteria into CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate a, ammonia, methane, h2s

Sewage treatment

Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic waste Oils spills are cleaned by Pseudomonas Bacterial enzymes are also used as detergents

Bioremediation

Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals which are toxic to the digestive system of the insects

Biological insecticides

Microbes are used to produce foods, chemicals

Biotechnology

New technique used for biotechnology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

Recombinant DNA technology

Inflammation of brain diagnosed in 1937 in Uganda Mosquitoes transit disease between birds From birds to horses From birds to humans

West Nile Encephalitis

Cause Ebola virus first isolated in Congo | Causes fever, diarrhea, blood clots. Transmission through human to human contact n bodily fluids

Ebola Hemorrhagic fever

Discovered in Hantan River in Korea.called Sin Nombre Virus Arrived in America from old world rats Fever, cough progress to respiratory failure. Very contagious and fatal

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Caused by HIV Destroys CD4 lymphocytes Infected persons die from infections by other microorganisms or cancerous cells

AIDS

Caused by Protozoa Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing nations Transmitted through drinking water supply, swimming pool, contaminated hospital supply

Cryptosporidium

Mad cow disease Caused by PRION, infectious protein Spread by cattle feed contaminated by sheep parts CJD IN HUMANS

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Normal inhabitant of large intestine strain 0157:H7 produces bloody diarrhea. Transmitted through undercooked meat and unpasteurized beverages

E.coli 0157:H7

Primarily in water fowl and poultry | H5N2

Avian influenza A

First to observe live microorganisms | Used single lens microscope

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Inoculated an 8 y/o volunteer with cow pox who never contracted small pix or cow pox

Edward Jenner

Proved silkworm disease was causes by a fungus

Agostino Bassi

Proposed serotyping for streptococci

Rebecca Lancefield

Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and bacteria produced an animal protein Recombinant DNA

Paul Berg

Bacteria with no cell wall | Has sterols

Mycoplasma

Contains pseudomurein

Archaea

Molds and mushrooms consist of masses of mycelia composed of filaments called hyphae

Fungi

Devised accepted system of classification based on cellular organization of organisms. Has 3 domains 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

Carl Woese

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya - Protist - Fungi - Plants - Animals

3 domain classification