Chapter 14 Flashcards by Daphmy Francois

Study of the cause of disease

Etiology

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Study of disease

Structural and functional changes in body

Pathology

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Development of disease

Pathogensis

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Ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defense of the host

Pathogenicity

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The degree or extent of pathogenicity

Virulence

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Colonization of the body by pathogens

Infection

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An abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normal

Disease

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Maybe present for days, weeks or months

Transient microbiota

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Permanently colonize the host

Normal Microbiota

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Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Symbiosis

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Nose & throat 
Eyes 
Mouth 
Skin
Large intestine 
Urinary & reproductive systems

Locations of normal microbiota

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Competitive exclusions

Competition between microbes

Microbial antagonism

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Proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains

Bacteriocins

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Are live applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Probiotics

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Are used to prove the cause, etiology, of an infectious disease

Koch’s postulates

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Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
Pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inn ovulated into healthy animal
Pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

Koch postulates

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A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease.

These subjective changes are not apparent to an observer

Symptom

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Specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Syndrome

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A disease that spread from one host to another either directly or indirectly (genital heroes, TB)

Communicable disease

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A disease that is easily spread from one host to another by direct contact or by contact with bodily fluids

Contagious disease

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A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

Non communicable disease

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Communicable disease
Contagious disease
Noncomminicable disease

Classifying infectious disease

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Incidence
Prevelence
Sporadic disease
Endemic disease
Epidemic disease
Pandemic disease
Herd immunity

Occurrence of disease

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Fraction of population that contracts a disease during a specific time

Incidence

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Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Prevelence

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Sporadic disease

Disease constantly present in a population

Endemic population

Disease acquires by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Epidemic disease

Worldwide epidemic

Pandemic disease

Immunity in most population

Herd immunity

1. Acute disease 2. Chronic disease 3. Subacute disease 4. Latent disease

Severity or duration of a disease

Symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time (influenza)

Acute disease

Disease develops slowly but body's reaction maybe less severe but the disease is likely to be continual or recurrent for long period (TB, hep B)

Chronic disease

Symptoms between acute and chronic

Subacute disease

Disease with a period of no symptoms when causative agent is inactive for a short time, but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease (shingles)

Latent disease

Pathogens limited to a small area of the body

Local infection

Infection in which microbes or their products are spread throughout the body (generalized infection) by blood or lymph

Systemic infection

Systemic infection that began as a local infection and spread to other specific body parts where they are confined to specific areas of the body(infection starting from teeth)

Focal infection

Bacteria in the blood

Bacteremia

Growth of bacteria in the blood causing systemic infection | Blood poising

Septicemia

Toxins in the blood | Tetanus

Toxemia

Viruses in the blood

Viremia

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

Primary infection

Opportunistic infection after a primary infection

Secondary infection

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Subclinical infection

The time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms

Incubation period

1. Type of microorganism 2. Virulence of that microorganism 3. Number of infecting microorganism 4. The resistance of the host

Stages of disease

After period of incubation, this period is characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease such as general aches and malaise

Prodromal period

Disease is most severe during this period. Number of white blood cells may increase or decrease. If the disease is overcome the patient dues during this period

Period of illness

The signs and symptoms subside during this period but the patient is vulnerable to secondary infection

Period of decline

The person regains strength and body returns to its predisease state, recovery has occurred

Period of convalesce

1. Human 2. Animal 3. Nonliving

Reservoirs of infection

AIDS, gonorrhea | Carries may have inapparent infections of latent disease

Human

Rabies, Lyme disease | Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans

Animal

Botulism, tetanus Soil Water

Nonliving

Disease that primarily occur in a wild animal or domestic animal

Zoonoses

Number of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time

Mortality rate

Number of people affected/total population in a given time period

Morbidity rate

Deaths from modifiable diseases

Mortality

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease

Morbidity

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London Descriptive epidemiology

John snow

Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus Analytical epidemiology

Nightingale

Showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever Experimental epidemiology

Semmelweis

Collection and analysis of data regarding occurrence of disease

Descriptive epidemiology

Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group

Analytical epidemiology

Study of a disease using controlled experiments

Experimental epidemiology

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in population

Epidemiology

1. Contact - direct - indirect - droplet 2. Vehicle transmission 3. Vectors - mechanical (passive) - biological (active)

Transmission of disease

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food,air,water)

Vehicle transmission

Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks and mosquitoes transmit disease by two methods. 1. Mechanical-arthropod carries pathogens on feet 2. Biological (active) pathogen reproduces in vector

Vectors

Chapter 14 Flashcards

(70 cards)