Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (51):
0
Macromolecule composed of repeating unite called nucleotides
DNA
1
Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nucleotide
2
Pentose sugar ribose with one less oxygen in DNA or ribose in RNS
Deoxyribose
3
The molecular study of genomes
Genomics
4
Set of rules that determine how nucleotide sequence is converted into amino acid sequence of proteins
Genetic code
5
Gene usually codes for mRNA which ultimately results in the formation of proteins
Proteins can also be a rRNA or a transfer RNA
Genetic Code
6
The entire DNA or collection of genes. It is the entire genetic material of an organism. It represents the POTENTIAL properties
Genotype
7
It refers to the actual EXPRESSED properties of an organism. It is an organisms collection of proteins
Phenotype
8
Process of DNA replication as each double stranded DNA molecule has one original mother strand and one new synthesized strand
Semiconservative
9
DNA polymerase enzyme can add new nucleotides at the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand only, so the DNA is synthesized in one direction
5'-3'
10
Lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous as it's made in fragments
Okazaki fragments
11
Enzyme opens the double helix up, so a replication fork
Helicase
12
Makes a short piece of RNA called RNA primer on the DNA TEMPLATE
RNA polymerase
13
Adds nucleotides at the 3' end of the RNA primer and make the daughter strand. It also does the proof reading mistakes in base pairing
DNA Polymerase I
14
Removes RNA Primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides but cannot connect the two newly made segments together
DNA polymerase I
15
Joins the newly made fragments
DNA Ligase
16
Relaxes supercoiled ahead of replication fork
DNA GYRASE
17
Protein synthesis, it involves decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting information into protein language
Translation
18
AUG
Initiator codon
19
UAA
UGA
UAG
Terminator codons
20
Combines with certain proteins to make ribosomes
rRNA
21
site for protein synthesis
Copy DNA info for synthesis of proteins
Have codons in triplet bases
mRNA
22
Pick up specific amino acids in cytoplasm and transfer them to mRNA
Cloverleaf shape with attachment site for a specific amino acid
Has anti-codon complementary to codon in mRNA
tRNA
23
Codes for particular amino acid
Codon
24
Coding regions of DNA
Exons
25
Non coding regions
Introns
26
Regulatory proteins that block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
No transcription
Repressor protein
27
Process that turns on the transcription of a gene
Inducer
28
B-galactosides production in E.coli
Converts lactose to glucose and galactose
When lactose present it is converted to allolactose that induces the gene to produce the enzyme B-galactose
Induction
29
Area on gene where RNA polymerase binds.
Promotor
30
Area where Repressor can bind
Operator
31
Set of promotor and operator sites and the structured gene thru control are defined as operon
Operon
32
Maybe silent or neutral
Nucleotide is substituted for other especially in third position of codon
Mutations
33
Missense mutations
Nonsense mutations
Point mutation
34
Which single base is replaced by another base
Point mutation
35
Base substitution resulting in an amino acid substitution. Suckle cell causes by this mutation
Missense mutation
36
Base substitutions resulting in a nonsense codon (stop codon) in the middle of mRNA (half product or no product)
Nonsense mutation
37
Positive selection involves detection of mutant cells by rejection of unwanted parent cells
Direct mutation
38
Negative selection selects cells that cannot preform a certain function by using replica plating
Indirect mutants
39
Genes are transferred from a donor to a recipient
Donor does not give entire chromosome
Gene transfer can occur between species
Unidirectional
40
Genes are passed from an organism to its offspring
Vertical gene transfer
41
Bacteria pass their gene to other microbes of the same generation
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Gene transfer
42
Genes are transferred from one to another bacterium as naked DNA
Some bacteria release their DNA into environment. Other bacteria encounter that DNA
Transformation
43
Bacteria take up fragments of DNA and integrate then into their own chromosome by recombination
Fredrick Griffith in 1926 Strep pneumoniae
Transformation
44
Bacteria that can pick up fragments of DNA from environment Me
works best when donor and recipient cells are closely rebated
Occurs in Bacillus, Haemophillus,
neisseria, Acinetobacter, streptococcus, staph E. Coli
Transformation
45
Gene transfer from donor to a revue over by direct physical contact between cells which is mediates by plasmids
Conjugation
46
Has F factor
Sex pilus
Donor
47
Lacks F factor
Recipient
48
Give transfer from a donor to a recipient by was of a bacteriophage
Transduction
49
In which only certain donor genes can be transferred
Specialized transduction
50