Chapter 8

Question 0

Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group

Answer 0

Nucleotide

Question 1

Macromolecule composed of repeating unite called nucleotides

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Pentose sugar ribose with one less oxygen in DNA or ribose in RNS

Answer 2

Deoxyribose

Question 3

The molecular study of genomes

Answer 3

Genomics

Question 4

Set of rules that determine how nucleotide sequence is converted into amino acid sequence of proteins

Answer 4

Genetic code

Question 5

Gene usually codes for mRNA which ultimately results in the formation of proteins
Proteins can also be a rRNA or a transfer RNA

Answer 5

Genetic Code

Question 6

The entire DNA or collection of genes. It is the entire genetic material of an organism. It represents the POTENTIAL properties

Answer 6

Genotype

Question 7

It refers to the actual EXPRESSED properties of an organism. It is an organisms collection of proteins

Answer 7

Phenotype

Question 8

Process of DNA replication as each double stranded DNA molecule has one original mother strand and one new synthesized strand

Answer 8

Semiconservative

Question 9

DNA polymerase enzyme can add new nucleotides at the 3’ end of the newly synthesized strand only, so the DNA is synthesized in one direction

Answer 9

5’-3’

Question 10

Lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous as it’s made in fragments

Answer 10

Okazaki fragments

Question 11

Enzyme opens the double helix up, so a replication fork

Answer 11

Helicase

Question 12

Makes a short piece of RNA called RNA primer on the DNA TEMPLATE

Answer 12

RNA polymerase

Question 13

Adds nucleotides at the 3’ end of the RNA primer and make the daughter strand. It also does the proof reading mistakes in base pairing

Answer 13

DNA Polymerase I

Question 14

Removes RNA Primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides but cannot connect the two newly made segments together

Answer 14

DNA polymerase I

Question 15

Joins the newly made fragments

Answer 15

DNA Ligase

Question 16

Relaxes supercoiled ahead of replication fork

Answer 16

DNA GYRASE

Question 17

Protein synthesis, it involves decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting information into protein language

Answer 17

Translation

Question 18

AUG

Answer 18

Initiator codon

Question 19

UAA
UGA
UAG

Answer 19

Terminator codons

Question 20

Combines with certain proteins to make ribosomes

Answer 20

rRNA

Question 21

site for protein synthesis
Copy DNA info for synthesis of proteins
Have codons in triplet bases

Answer 21

mRNA

Question 22

Pick up specific amino acids in cytoplasm and transfer them to mRNA

Cloverleaf shape with attachment site for a specific amino acid
Has anti-codon complementary to codon in mRNA

Answer 22

tRNA

Question 23

Codes for particular amino acid

Answer 23

Codon

Question 24

Coding regions of DNA

Answer 24

Exons

Question 25

Non coding regions

Answer 25

Introns

Question 26

Regulatory proteins that block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA No transcription

Answer 26

Repressor protein

Question 27

Process that turns on the transcription of a gene

Answer 27

Inducer

Question 28

B-galactosides production in E.coli Converts lactose to glucose and galactose When lactose present it is converted to allolactose that induces the gene to produce the enzyme B-galactose

Answer 28

Induction

Question 29

Area on gene where RNA polymerase binds.

Answer 29

Promotor

Question 30

Area where Repressor can bind

Answer 30

Operator

Question 31

Set of promotor and operator sites and the structured gene thru control are defined as operon

Answer 31

Operon

Question 32

Maybe silent or neutral | Nucleotide is substituted for other especially in third position of codon

Answer 32

Mutations

Question 33

Missense mutations | Nonsense mutations

Answer 33

Point mutation

Question 34

Which single base is replaced by another base

Answer 34

Point mutation

Question 35

Base substitution resulting in an amino acid substitution. Suckle cell causes by this mutation

Answer 35

Missense mutation

Question 36

Base substitutions resulting in a nonsense codon (stop codon) in the middle of mRNA (half product or no product)

Answer 36

Nonsense mutation

Question 37

Positive selection involves detection of mutant cells by rejection of unwanted parent cells

Answer 37

Direct mutation

Question 38

Negative selection selects cells that cannot preform a certain function by using replica plating

Answer 38

Indirect mutants

Question 39

Genes are transferred from a donor to a recipient Donor does not give entire chromosome Gene transfer can occur between species

Answer 39

Unidirectional

Question 40

Genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

Answer 40

Vertical gene transfer

Question 41

Bacteria pass their gene to other microbes of the same generation Transformation Conjugation Transduction

Answer 41

Gene transfer

Question 42

Genes are transferred from one to another bacterium as naked DNA Some bacteria release their DNA into environment. Other bacteria encounter that DNA

Answer 42

Transformation

Question 43

Bacteria take up fragments of DNA and integrate then into their own chromosome by recombination Fredrick Griffith in 1926 Strep pneumoniae

Answer 43

Transformation

Question 44

Bacteria that can pick up fragments of DNA from environment Me works best when donor and recipient cells are closely rebated Occurs in Bacillus, Haemophillus, neisseria, Acinetobacter, streptococcus, staph E. Coli

Answer 44

Transformation

Question 45

Gene transfer from donor to a revue over by direct physical contact between cells which is mediates by plasmids

Answer 45

Conjugation

Question 46

Has F factor | Sex pilus

Answer 46

Donor

Question 47

Lacks F factor

Answer 47

Recipient

Question 48

Give transfer from a donor to a recipient by was of a bacteriophage

Answer 48

Transduction

Question 49

In which only certain donor genes can be transferred

Answer 49

Specialized transduction

Question 50

Self replicating circular extra chromosomal molecules of DNA carrying genes that are not usually essential for the cells survival

Answer 50

Plasmids