Chapter 12 Flashcards by Daphmy Francois

Contain cross-walls called septa

Units are uninucleate

Septate Hypha

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Septate hypha 
Coenocyte hypha
Vegetative hypha 
Reproductive or aerial hypha 
Pseudohypha

Different Hyphae

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Do not contain septa

Appear continuous with many nuclei

Coenocytic hypha

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Portion of hypha that obtains nutrients

Vegetative hypha

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Portions of hypha concerned with reproduction
Projects above surface
Often bear reproductive spores

Reproductive or Aerial Hypha

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Found in some buffing yeast

Short chain of buds that is unable to detach

Pseudohypha

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Entire vegetative structure body if fungus

Consist of long filaments of cells joined together

Thallus

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Long filament of cells in fungi

Each fragment oh hypha capable of growth

Hypha

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Mass of long filaments of cells that branch and intertwine

Mycelium

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Yeast. Molds and mushrooms
Aerobic And anaerobic
Reproduce by spores
Both sexual and asexual

Fungi

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chemoautotrophic

fungi

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Type of conida formed by the fragment of a separated hypha into single slightly thickened cells
Coccidioides immitis

Arthroconidia

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Type of conida that consist of buds coming off the parent cell.
Some yeast like Candida albicans produce

Blastoconidia

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Unicellular or multicellular spore that is not encoded on a sac
They are produced on a chain at the end of a Conidiospore

Conidiospore

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Arthrospore

Blastoconidia

Conidiospore

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Chlamydospores

Sporangiophores

Asexual spores

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Most common method of sexual
Reproduction in fungi
Born on mycelium
Formed by the hyphae of one organism. Produce by individual fungus through mitosis n cell divisions

Asexual spores

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Formed from aerial hyphae
Sexual or asexual
True reproductive spore
Less tolerant to dry or hot environments

Fungal spores

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Thick walled spores formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment.
Candida albicans

Chlamydospores

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Formed within a sporangium or sac at the end of an aerial hypha
Ex. Rhizopus

Sporangiophores

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Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

Sexual spore reproduction

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Haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)

Plasmogamy

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Then + and - nucleus fuse to form

Zygote

Karyogamy

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The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spore) some of which genetic recombinant

Meiosis

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Fusion of haploid cell

Zygospore

Formed in sac (ascus)

Ascospore

Formed externally on pedestal (basidium)

Basidispore

Fungal infection

Mycosis

Generally chronic | Difficult to treat because of similarities of animal and fungal cells

Fungal infection

Deep within the body through inhalation of spore Not contagious Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis

Systemic mycosis

Breathe skin, spores or mycelial Fragment wound By saprophytic fungi Sporotrichosis

Subcutaneous mycosis

Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Anamorphs

Divisions of fungi

Sexual spores that are thick walked resting spores zygospores. Asexual spores borne internally in a sporangium

Zygomata

Sac fungi Septate hyphae Sexual spores borne internally in a sac called ascus Asexual spores are borne externally as conida

Ascomycota

Club fungi Septate hyphae Borne externally on club shaped structure called basidium

Basidiomycota

Deuteromycata Imperfect fungi Only asexual usually conidiospores have seperate hyphae

Anamorphs

On epidermis, hair, nails, secretes keratinase | Transmitted from human to human, animal to human contact

Cutaneous mycosis | Dermatomycosis

Hair shafts | Superficial epidermis

Superficial mycosis

Generally harmless fungi become Pathogenic Pneumocystis-pathogenic in AIDS pt Stachybotrys-cause fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in infants

Opportunistic

Photoautotroph that lack tissues Filamentous and few have thalli Reproduce asexually Fragments of thalli & filaments are capable to form new thalli and fragments

Algae

``` Thallus Holdfast Stipes Blades Pneumatocyst ```

Algae

The body

Thallus

Branches of thalli which anchor the seaweeds to a rock

Holdfast

Leaflike

Blades

Gas filled bladder found in some algae that acts as a float

Pneumatocyst

Brown algae

Phaeophtyta

Red algae

Rhodophyta

Green algae

Chlorophyta

Diatoms

Bacillariophyta

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellata

Diatoms Unicellular, Filamentous with cell wall of pectin & layer of silica Domoic acid intoxication

Bacillariophyta

Causes diarrhea and memory loss | Causes by eating mussels feeding on diatoms

Domoic acid intoxication

Unicellular algae called plankton

Dinoflagellata

Caused by saxitoxin produced by genus Alexandrium that forms red tide in ocean. Humans contracts that disease when they eat mollusks feeding on these dinoflagellates

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

Caused by Gambierdiscus toxicus by eating large fish

Ciguatera

Chemoautotroph | Unicellular

Protozoa

Archaeozoa Microsporidia Amoebozoa

Divisions of Protozoa

Unusual eukaryotes | Without mitochondria usually two or more front end flagella

Archaeozoa

Unusual eukaryotes without mitochondria or microtubles | Pathogen-Nosema

Microsporidia

Called amoebas Move by blunt projections called pseudopods Pathogens-entamoeba, Acanthoeba

Amoebozoa

Non motile, intracellular parasites | Plasmodium(complex life cycle)

Apicomplexa

Ciliary motion Pathogen Balantidium coli

Coli photos

Flagella Pathogen Trypanosoma

Euglenozoa

Multicellular eukaryotic parasitic animals Chemohetertroph Lack digestive system, nutrients are absorbed Complex reproduction system to produce large number of eggs

Helminths-parasitic worm

``` Animalia 2 Phyla: Platyhelminthes(flatworms) -flukes - tapeworms Nematoda (roundworms) ```

Helminths

Complex life cycle as each larval stage needs a specific host Do cross fertilization, or self fertilization Dioecious-male & female Monoecious Hermaphroditic-one animal has both types of reproductive organs

Helminths

Flukes Liver fluke Blood fluke Lung fluke

Trematodes

``` Flukes Leaf shaped bodies Ventral sucker & oral sucker Have cuticle Hermaphrodites ```

Trematodes

Clonorchis sinenis | Found mainly in the common bile duct and hall bladder

Liver fluke

Schistosoma Penetrates the skin of ppl bathing in stagnant water pools. Adult parasite invades the liver and produces disease Swollen abdomen and presence of microscopic eggs in feces

Blood fluke

Paragonimus westermani

Lung fluke

``` Tapeworms Intestinal parasites Scolex has suckers for attachment Completely lack digestive system Body consists called proglottids ```

Cestodes

Pork tapeworm Humans definitive host, seine intermediate host Proglottids leave the human body in fences and contaminates fed to pigs Eggs by human hatch and larvae encyst in brain and other parts causing cysticercosis

Taenia solium

Roundworms 1. Has infective eggs 2. Infecting Larva

Nematodes

Complete digestive system, mouth, intestine and anus Dioecious w/sexual dimorphism Free living or parasites of plants and animals

Nematodes

Parasitic roundworms | Pinworm

Enterobius

Parasitic roundworm | Invades intestinal wall and produce larva that invades muscles

Trichinella

Insects transmits disease from one host to another Tse tse fly transmits African Trypanosomiasis Rat flea transmits bubonic plague

Insect vectors