Chapter 1 Flashcards
(38 cards)
What are the 3 levels of analysis used in psychology
Social Culture Influeces
- relating to others and personal relationships
Psycological
- involves thoughts feelings and emotions
Biological
- Involves molecules and brain structure
what are the 5 challenges of psychology
Human behaviour is difficult to predict
- actions are multiply determined
Psycological influences are rarely independent of another
- many disorders are intertwined
People differ from each other
- Individual differences cause people to respond differently to same stimulus
People influence each other
- Reciprocal determinism - we mutually influence each other
People behavior is shaped by culture
-people observe stimulus differently
Define Multiply Determined
Caused by many factors
Human actions are multiply determined
Define individual differences
variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behavior
People have individual differences
what are the 5 main therorhetical prospectives that shaped psychology
- Structuralism
- Functionalsim
- Behaviorism
-cognativism - Psychoanalysis
What is structuralism
EB Titchner
Goal: identify basic elements or structures of experience
Emphasized the importance of systematic observation
What is functionalism
William James + Charles Darwin
Goal: understand the reason behind thoughts and feelings
influences psychology
What is behaviourism
John Watson + BF Skinner
Goal: understand the principles of learning
Influenced models of human and animal learning
First to focus on the need for objective research
What is cognitivism
Jean Piaget + Ulric Nessier
Goal: Examine mental processing on behavior
influenced mental processing research
What is Psychoanalysis
Sigmond Freud
Goal: role of unconscious behaviour and early life experiences
Understanding mental processing goes on outside of conscious awareness
What are 5 types of psychologists
Clinical Psychologist
- assessment and treatment of mental disorders.
Counselling Psychologist
- temporary or self-contained problems
Developmental Psychologist
- Study how and why people change overtime
- research on infants and elderly
Biological Psychologist
- Examines the psychological basis of behavior
- lab settings
Forensic Psychologist
- works in criminal justice
Industrial Organization Psychological
- works with companies and marketing and advertising
Define Scientific Theory vs Hypothesis
Theory : explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
Hypothesis: Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
Define Psychology
The scientific Study of the mind, brain, and power
Define levels of analysis
rungs on the ladder of analysis with lower levels tied more closely to biological influences and higher levels tied more closely to social influences
What is Naive Realism
Belief that we see the world exactly how it is
What is conformation Bias
the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them.
what is belief perseverance
the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when the evidence contradicts them.
What is a metaphysical claim
an assertation about the world that isn’t testable
What is Pseudoscience
A set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
What is the ad hoc Immunizing Hypothesis
an escape hatch or loophole that defenders use to protect their theory from falsification
What is terror management Theory
theory proposing our awareness of death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews.
What is scientific skepticism
approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
What is critical thinking
set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded careful fashion
define falsifiable
capable of being disproven
