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PSYC 1011 > Chapter 10 questions > Flashcards

Chapter 10 questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main types of developmental research designs

A

cross-sectional
- dont account for cohort effects
-cheaper

Longitudinal
- expensive
- attrition
more accurate

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2
Q

what are 3 ways nature and nurture intersect

A

gene enviroment interaction
Nature via nurture
Gene expression

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3
Q

what is a cross-sectional design

A

a design that cuts into time taking people from a variety of age groups

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4
Q

What is a longitudinal design

A

a research design that follows participants over time observing the same person at different intervals.

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5
Q

what is a gene-environment interaction

A

the impact of gene behaviour depends on the environment in which the behaviour effects

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6
Q

what is nature via nurture

A

children with certian genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments

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7
Q

what is gene expression

A

ativation or deactivation of genes by enviromental experiences through development

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8
Q

what 3 stages follow directly after fertilization

A

germinal
embryonic
fetal

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9
Q

what is the form of the developing child during the germinal stage

A

blastocyst - a ball of identical cells
cell has yet to specialize

0-2wks

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10
Q

What is the embryonic stage of development?

A

2-8wks

blastocyst becomes embryo

limbs, facial features, major organs (heart, lungs, and brain)
begin to develop.

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11
Q

what is the fetal stage of development

A

9wk - birth

the embryo becomes a fetus

physical maturation / bulking up

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12
Q

what are obstacles to normal fetal development

A
  • exposure to hazardous environmental influences
  • biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
  • premature birth
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13
Q

what are 2 newborn reflexes

A

sucking reflex and rooting reflex

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14
Q

what is the sucking reflex

A

an automatic response to oral stimuli

if something is put in a baby’s mouth then it will clamp down and begin sucking

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15
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

if an infant’s cheek is touched they will turn their head in anticipation of eating

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16
Q

what are the changes in body prepotion during development

A

body parts grow at ununiform rates compared to each other

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17
Q

what are primairy sex charisterics

A

features such as the reproductive organs that distinguish the sexes

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18
Q

what are secondary sex charismatics

A

a sex differentiating charisteric that does not directly relate to reproduction

Brest
voice

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19
Q

what are 2 physical changes as a result of ageing

A

menarche
spermarche

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20
Q

what are the 3 perspectives that explain how cognitive development theories develop

A
  • Gradual vs Incremental
  • domain-general vs domain-specific
  • Physical experience vs social interaction vs biological maturation
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21
Q

what is the idea of assimilation in development

A

the process of absorbing new experiences into a current schema.

making new ideas fit into the current idea of the universe.

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22
Q

what is the idea of accommodation in development

A

the altering of a schema to make it more compatible with new experiences.

changing beliefs to fit new experiences

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23
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage of development - Piaget

A

the first stage of development.

From birth to 2y

children only know what they can see
lack object permanence
lack deferred imitation `

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24
Q

what is the Preoperational stage -Piaget

A

2y -7y
Can construct mental representations of their experiences

have object permanence

are egocentric
can not perform mental operations on mental pictures

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25
what is the concrete operations stage -Piaget
7y - 11y - can preform mental operations of - - - actual events - can preform conservation tasks poor at preforming mental operations in hypothetical situations.
26
formal operation stage
11y - adulthood - ability to preform hypothetical reasoning - ability to use logic in new situations - preform pendulum tasks - can understand if-then statments
27
what is object permanence
the understanding that an object continues to exist when it is out of sight
28
what is egocentrism - Piaget
an inability to see the world from others points of view The Mountain experiment
29
what are conservation tasks
a task that demonstrates egocentrism
30
what is the pendulum task
children had to interpert what made a pendelum move faster or slower they were faced with different strings and different different weights
31
what are cons of Piagets perspective
- need to graduate from one stage to make another - development is more specific - pre level in one but excel in other tasks - culturally bias methods - not lab tests - observations of kids and grandkids
32
what are the pros of Piagets perspective
children are not just small adults Learning Is an active process Occams Razor
33
who is Lev Vygotsky in cognitive development
proposed theory scaffolding zone of proximal development
34
what is scaffolding - Vygotsky
learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove the structure.
35
What is the zone of proximal development - Vygotsky
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction it is the phase of learning where children are receptive to learning new skills but arent successful at it yet.
36
what is the theory of mind
children's ability to reason about what other people believe. The false belief task is used to test this
37
what is the false belief task
test that tests children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong
38
what are the 4 major temperament styles
easy infants - 40% difficult infants - 10% slow-to-warm up infants -15% behaviorly inhibited (scared cats) - 10%
39
what is the strange situation task
the task used to trigger a reactionin children it involved a parent/caregiver to leafe the room unannounced then return after time past.
40
what are the 4 styles of attachment
secure attachment insecure attachment Insecure anxious attachment Disorganised attachment
41
what is secure attachment
effects 60% north america infant reacts to caregivers departure becoming upset greets return with joy Carefiver is a secure base
42
what is insecure attachment
15%-20% north america infant is indifferent to departure little reaction on return
43
what is anxious attachemnt
15-20% departue is panic mixed emotion on return Anxious ambivilounce
44
what is disorganised attachment
5% inconsistant and confused reactions to both departure and return
45
what are the 4 parenting styles
Permissive Authoritarian Authoritative Uninvolved
46
what is the permissive parenting style
parents are very lenient little discipline little affection
47
what is the authoritarian parenting style
strict punishing little affection
48
what is the authoritative parenting style
supportive with firm limits the best outcome for children
49
what is an uninvolved parenting style?
neglectful pay little attention to kids worst outcome for kids
50
how do fathers differ form mothers
fathers are... less attentive spend less time with more time in physical play boys and girls choose their fathers as playmates over mothers
51
what are 2 findings that indicate a sociological influence on gender
the jack in the box experiment where the think in the box switched between female and male names classroom influence on gender stereotypes
52
what is the virtue of Trust vs Mistrust
Infancy Devleopmemt of trust in others
53
what is the virtue of Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
early childhood Developing greater sence of personal control
54
what is the virtue of Initiave vs Guilt
Play age develops feeling of leadership ality exploring and manipulating
55
what is the virtue of Industry vs inferiority
School age Children develop feelings of comptance and belief
56
What is the virtue of Identy vs Role Confusion
Teens sence of identity shaped by social interaction
57
what is the virtue of Intimacy vs isolation
Young adulthood Close sommitted relationships String sence of identy
58
what is the virtue of generativity vs Stagnation
Adulthood feelings of contribution to the world being active in community
59
what is the virtue of Ego integrity vs despair
Old age Reflection of lives regretful ?
60
define emerging adulthood
period of life between ages of 18-25 emotional development, identy, and personality become solidified
61
what was Kolbergs theory of moral evelopment
he judged the theories of morality based off the reasoning and not weather the answer was right or wrong
62
what was heinz dilemma
heinz and the drug should he steal the drug and example of kolbergs moral development
63
what are 2 major life transitions in adulthood
Parenthood - becoming a parent is a massive transition that adults can undergo having a child involves a fundamental lifestyle shift. Midlife chriises - emotional diress and an attempt to regain their youth - facilitated by children moving out, grey hairs, caring for parents
64
define developmental psychology
the study of how behaviour and mental processes change over the lifespan
65
what is the post hoc fallacy
causation vs correlation just because it comes first does not mean it causes. milk drinking does not create serial killers.
66
what are cohort effects
the possibility of technological advancements or other confounds that could effect the outcome of the study
67
what is the prenatal stage of pregnancy
the period of pregnancy prior to birth, when the human body develops
68
what is a zygote
a fertilized egg
69
What are Teratogens
environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development.
70
what is a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
a disorder that develops from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, delays in growth, facial malformations, and behavioural disorders.
71
what are motive behaviours
bodily motions that occour as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
72
what is adolescence
the point of full maturity it is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood teenage years. many hormonal changes
73
what is puberty
the acheviement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
74
what is menarche
the onset of menstruation in females 14 ish
75
what is spermarche
the first ejaculation in males around age 13
76
what is menopause
the termination of menstruation
77
What is cognitive development
the study of how children aquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember
78
what is stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that develops at 8m lasting till months 12 or 15 then declining steadily
79
what is temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
80
what is attachment
the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest ensures infants don't stray too far from those who cloth and feed them
81
what is contact confort
the positive emotions afforded by touch contct comfort helps premature babies gain weight and develop healthier
82
define sex
individuals biological status as male or female
83
define gender
the psycological charisterics behaviors and emotions that society associates with being male or female
84
define gender identy
people's sence of being male or female
85
define gender roles
behaviors accompanied with members of the gender
86
Define midlife crisis
phase of adulthod marked by emotional distress about the aging process
87
define empty nest syndrome
a supposed period of depression in a mothers life directly following the flight of her children from the home

PSYC 1011 (12 decks)

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