Chapter 2

Question 1

what are 4 major types of research in Psyc?

Answer 1

Naturalistic observation
Case studies
Self- Report Measures
Surveys

Question 2

What is Naturalistic observation

Answer 2

Watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate peoples behavior

Question 3

What is a case study

Answer 3

research design that examines one person or a small number of people in-depth, over an extended period of time

Question 4

What is a Self-report measure?

Answer 4

Questionnaire
assess personality traits, mental illness, and interests

Question 5

What are surveys

Answer 5

Measure peoples opinions and attitudes

Question 6

What is a random selection

Answer 6

every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

Question 7

What is reliability

Answer 7

constancy of measurement

Question 8

What is validity

Answer 8

the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to assess

Question 9

What is external Validity

Answer 9

the extent to which we can generalize our findings to real-world settings

Question 10

what is internal validity

Answer 10

the extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study

Question 11

What is an existance proof

Answer 11

demonstration that a given Psychological Phenomena can occur

Question 12

what are responce sets

Answer 12

tendencies for participants to distort their responses to a questionnaire

Question 13

What research methods are high in external validity

Answer 13

Naturalistic observation

Question 14

What research method is high in Internal Validity

Answer 14

well conducted lab experiments

Question 15

How to ensure the Generalizability of a survey

Answer 15

Employ random selection to provide a more general sample of people

Question 15

What is a correlational design

Answer 15

recearch design that examines to what extent 2 variables are associated.

Question 16

what is a scatterplot

Answer 16

grouping of points on a two dimentional graph. each dot is an individuals data

Question 17

what is an illusory Correlation

Answer 17

the perception of a statistical association between two variables when none exists

Question 18

What is an experiment

Answer 18

research design charicterised by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

Question 19

what is random assignment

Answer 19

randomly assorting participants into groups

Question 20

what is the experimental group

Answer 20

the group of participants that receives the manipulation

Question 21

what is the control group

Answer 21

in an experiment the group that does not receive the manipulation

Question 22

what is the between-subject design

Answer 22

in an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition

Question 23

what is the within subject design

Answer 23

in an experiment, each participant acts as their own control

Question 24

what is the independent variable

Answer 24

the variable that the experimenter manipulates

Question 25

what is the dependent variable

Answer 25

the variable that the experimenter measures

Question 26

what is the operational Definition

Answer 26

a working definition of what a researcher is measuring

Question 27

what is the placebo effect

Answer 27

improvement resulting solely from the expectation of improvement

Question 28

What is being Blind

Answer 28

being unaware of weather on is in an experimental or control group

Question 29

what is the experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 29

phenomena in whic researchers hypothesis unintentionally lead them to bias the outcome of a study

Question 30

what is being doubble blind

Answer 30

nither researchers or participants know who is in the experimental or control group

Question 31

what are demand charesterics

Answer 31

ques that participants pick up from a study that allows them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypothesis

Question 32

What are 2 ways of evaluating measures

Answer 32

Reliability Validity

Question 33

What are the pros and cons of self report

Answer 33

Pro Easy to administer Con -assume people know their feelings well enough - asumes people arent lying

Question 34

What are 2 facts about correlations

Answer 34

- correlations can be positive, zero, or negitive - Correlations Coeffiients vary from -1 to 1 but the absolute value is the strength

Question 35

How do experiments vary from studys

Answer 35

- Random assignment of participants - Manipulation of an independent variable

Question 36

what is informed concent

Answer 36

informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

Question 37

how does a confound impact your conclusion in a study

Answer 37

proposes that there could be an external variable that is impacting the study

Question 38

what is a confound

Answer 38

a variable in an experiment that is unable to be controlled for.

Question 39

what conclusions can you draw from correlational studies vs experiments

Answer 39

Experiment - when preformed correctly, experiments permit cause and effect inferences Correlation - examine the extent to which 2 variables correlate

Question 40

what 2 things do researchers need to do when experimenting on human participants

Answer 40

They need informed consent from the participants They need to hold a thorough debriefing

Question 41

define statistics

Answer 41

application of mathematics to describe and analyze data

Question 42

define Descriptive statistics

Answer 42

numerical characterization that describes data

Question 43

Descriptive statistics : how to find central tendencies

Answer 43

Mean : average Median : the middle score Mode: most occurring

Question 44

Descriptive Statistics: dispersion/ variability

Answer 44

Range : difference between the highest and lowest number Standard Deviation : measure of variability that accounts for mow far each point is from the mean

Question 45

Define Variability

Answer 45

measure of how loose or tight scores are

Question 46

What are the 2 main types of statistics in Psychology

Answer 46

-Descriptive statistics -inferential Statistics

Question 47

Define Inferential Statistics

Answer 47

mathmatical methods that allow us to determine wheather we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

Question 48

Define central tendencies

Answer 48

measure of the central scores in a dataset, where the numbers cluster

Question 49

how is Inferential different from descriptive stats

Answer 49

determines how confident we are that the Discriptive stats apply to the general public

Question 50

If we say that the difference between 2 groups (experimental & control) is statistically significant, what does this mean?

Answer 50

it means that it can be replicated 19 out of 20 times or 95% of the time.

Question 51

Measurement of relations

Answer 51

1 Correlation coefficient 2. Scatterplot 3. Range of correlation -1 to +1. Which represents a stronger correlation -1 or 0.5?

Question 52

Define Prefrontal Labotomy

Answer 52

surgical procedure that severs the fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from under the thalamus.