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PSYC 1011 > Chapter 12, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 12, 13, 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 approaches to the study of stress

A

Stressors as stimuli
Stress as a transaction
Stress as a responce

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2
Q

What is stress as a stimui

A

focuses on identifying different types of stressful events ranging from job loss to combat.
Stress stimulates people to change

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3
Q

Stress as a transaction

A

it involves a continous exchange between Stressors and coping
Individual negotiates their situation
If demand exceeds resource, results in debt or burnout

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4
Q

what is stress as a responce

A

measure outcomes such as corticosteroids that prepare body for stressful cercumstances

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5
Q

what are Selye’s 3 stages of a stress response

A

Alarm Reaction
Resistance
Exhaustion

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6
Q

What is Selye’s alarm reaction stage

A

stage 1
excitation of nervous system
adrenalin discharged
flight or flight responce is triggered

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7
Q

What is Seyle’s resistance stage

A

Stage 2
thinking brain is triggerd
When resistance to stress is highest

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8
Q

What is Seyle’s exhaustion stage

A

Stage 3
levels of activation bottom out after lacking good coping measures
can cause organ damage, depression, or anxiety
Breakdown in ammune system

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9
Q

What is Behavioural Control

A

The ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation

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10
Q

What is cognitive control

A

the ability to cognitively restructure or think about negative emotions that arise in responce to stress-provoking events

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11
Q

what is emotional control

A

the ability to suppress or express emotions

writing in a journal is expressing

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12
Q

What set of beliefs did Maddi say stress- resilient people have

A

They have hardiness

Hardy people..
View change as a threat
are committed to their work and life
believe that they can control events

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13
Q

What is complementary medicine

A

Products and practices used together with conventional medicines

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14
Q

what is alternative medicine

A

products and practices used in place of conventional medicine

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15
Q

what is the role of placebo in CAM medicine

A

CAMs have not demonstrated that they are better than placebos

placebos exert a measurable impact on brain chemistry

Pain, the target of CAMs is responsive to placebos

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16
Q

What is the need to belong theory

A

Humans have an a biologically based need for interpersonal connection.

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17
Q

How does need to belong theory relate to social isolation to IQ

A

Threat of social isolation can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and impair mental functioning

Negative feedback provided on personality tests promotes unhealthy habits and impairs students abilities on IQ tests.

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18
Q

What is an example of social contagion

A

We turn to others to determine how to act in a situation

On a plane in turbulence people seek the expression of other passengers

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19
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others behavior

Dispositional influences- personality traits, attitudes, intelligence

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20
Q

What influences the fundamental attribution error

A

We are rarely aware of all of the situational factors effecting others behavior

Cultural difference:
Japanese and Chinese less prone to this
They’re more likely to invoke situational explanations.

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21
Q

What is the Zimbardo prison study

A

The Stanford prison study was a study that involved recruiting regular students to fulfil roles of prisoner and prison guard.

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22
Q

How does the Stanford prison study relate to deindividuation

A

The students fell into their roles and it became a hostile environment
They stripped themselves of their identity and transformed into the roles they were given.

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23
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of groupthink

A
  • conformity pressure
  • steryotyping the outgroup
  • self-censorship
  • mindgaurds
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24
Q

What is one way to treat groupthink

A

Appoint a devils advocate

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25
What are 4 ways cults promote groupthink
Have a persuasive leader Disconnect members from the outside world Discourage questioning of assumptions Gradually indoctrinate members
26
How can you resist indoctrination that leads to cults
preform the inoculation effect Find reason for belief then debunk
27
Why is obedience a double edged sword
it is very effective form accomplishing things. teaching environment, workforce removes the thinking and morality form tasks as the tasked is only being obedient
28
what was the study that tested obedience
milgrims study appointed participant as a teacher to torture the other person who happened to be another experimenter
29
what were possible variables that influenced the results of Milgrim's study?
- the white coat went off script and further persuaded participants more than others - some of the participants were skeptical of the cover story
30
What is the bystander nonintervention phenomenon
bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but often find themselves frozen, helpless to help
31
What 2 reasons contribute to bystander nonintervention
Pluralistic ignorance Diffusion of responsibility
32
define altruism
the want to help others with the expectation that someone would help you in the future
33
What situational factors lead to altruism
People are more likely to help others when they can’t easily escape the situation People are more likely to help others based on the charesterics of the person - Cane vs obviously drunk
34
What individual differences are linked to altruism
People who are less concerned about social approval and are less traditional tend to go against the grain and interviene in emergencies Extroverted people are more likely to help than introverted People with medical skills ar more likely to help than non trained people.
35
what are situational factors that contribute to aggression
interpersonal provocation frustration media influences agressive cues aroused alcohol and drug tempature
36
What are individual differences linked to aggression
High levels of negative emotion Highly impulsive Lack closeness to others Prone to violence
37
What is an attitude, how does it relate to behavior
Attitude is a belief that includes an emotional component - Attitudes are more highly correlated with behaviour when it comes to mind quickly - Attitudes to not Drive behaviour, it is only correlational
38
What is cognitive dissonance and how to reduce it
state of tention between 2 or more conflicting thoughts - change one arguremnt to one that confomrs with belief - add another value that adheres to your belifs
39
What is the $1 study
a study that bored participants to deth then asked the participants to speak good to the experiment in exchange for either $20 or $1 people were more receptible to the 1
40
what role did cognative dissonance play in the $1 experiment
participants behaviors changed their attitudes 1 They needed to justify their lies to themselvs
41
What are the 2 routes to persuade others
Central and peripheral route
42
What is the central route of persuasion
Focuses on informal context 4x4, loud exaust Functional features
43
What is the peripheral route of persuasion
Focuses on surface aspects Leather seats, carbon wrapped, colour How appealing it is to others
44
What are the 3 negotiation techniques?
foot in the door - start with a small request then it grows door in the face - start with large request then brings it down low ball teqnique - very low money for then add ons
45
Define prejudice
to prejudge something negitivly before evaluating all evidence
46
define steryotype
a belief positive or negitive about a groups charesterics that we apply to most members of that group attribution error negative is their disposition positive is luck
47
same and difference between prejudice and stereotype
same - generalizations based on social conditioning - lead to discrimination difference -neutral vs negative - prejudice involves emotional response
48
how does prejudice relate to discrimination?
prejudice refers to ngitive attitudes Discrimination refers to negitive behaviors can be prejudice without discriminatory
49
How did Jane Elliott make discrimination
devided class into favoured and non favoured groups based on eye colour the trial brought the favoured group to dislike and taunt the unfavoured
50
what are the roots of prejudice
Scapegoat hypothesis Just world hypothesis conformity
51
define implicit prejudice
predjuices that we are unaware of
52
define implicit prejudice
prejudice that we are aware of
53
what are ideal conditions for reducing prejudice?
engage groups in activities that required them to cooperate in completing an overarching goal
54
define mass hysteria
A contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads much like a flu
55
what are attributions
process of assigning cause to behavior
56
define conformity
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
57
define deindividuation
the tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identites
58
define groupthink
an emphesis on group unamity at the expense of critical thinking
59
what is the inoculation effect
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be right, then folowing up by debunking them
60
define obediance
adhereance to instructions from those of higher authority
61
what is pluralistic ignorance
the error of assuming that no one in the group perceives things as we do To intervene in an emergency, we first need to recognize that an emergency is happening.
62
what is difussion of responcibility
the presence of others makes each person feel less responsible for the outcome.
63
what is social loafing
people slack off in groups
64
what is the enlightment effect
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better.
65
define aggression
behaviors intended to harm others, verbally emotionally or physically
66
what is relational aggression
form of anger marked by rumours, gossip, social exclusion, and nonverbal putdowns interpersonal manipulation
67
what is self perception theory
proposes that we aquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
68
what is impression management theory
we dont really change our attitudes in cognitive dissonance studies, we only tell the experimenters we have
69
define ultimate attribution error
the mistake of attributing the negitive behavior of entire groups to their dispositions
70
define adaptive conservatism
creates a predisposition of distrust against anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
71
define in group bias
the tendancy to favour individuals inside our group relative to members of the outside group
72
define out group homogenity
the tendency to view all people outside of our group as highly simular
73
define discrimination
the act of treating members of outgroups differently from members of in-groups.
74
define just world hypothesis
many of us have a deep-seated need to perceive the world as fair to believe that all things happen for a reason
75
define jigsaw classroom
educationa lapproach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
76
define cult
groups that exibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
77
define scapegoat hypothesis
prejudice arises from a need to blaime other groups for our misfortunes
78
what are the big 5 dimensions of personality?
CANOE Conscientousness Agreeablence Neuroticism Openness Extroversion
79
define agreeablence
Easyness to get along with
80
define Continuousness
Careful and responsible
81
define Neuroticim
Emotionally unstable Tense and moody
82
Define Openness
intellectually curious unconventional travel
83
define extroversion
social and lively recharge off other people
84
Can the big 5 predict behavior? An example?
The big five predicts many real-world behaviours. Successful job performance equates to High Agreeableness Low Neuroticism High Openness
85
Can personality traits change? 2 examples.
Yes they chan change They can change slightly over time - C,A can increase - N,O,E can decline Drugs can also change personality
86
define factor analysis
statistical technique that analysis the corelations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
87
define lexical approach
approach proposing that th emost crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

PSYC 1011 (12 decks)

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