chapter 10 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
define developmental psychology
A
the study of how behaviour and mental processes change over the lifespan
2
Q
what is the post hoc fallacy
A
causation vs correlation
just because it comes first does not mean it causes.
milk drinking does not create serial killers.
3
Q
How is child development bidirectional;
A
children’s experiences influence their development
children’s development also influences their experiences
4
Q
what is a cross-sectional design
A
a design that cuts into time taking people from a variety of age groups
5
Q
what are cohort effects
A
the possibility of technological advancements or other confounds that could effect the outcome of the study
6
Q
What is a longitudinal design
A
a research design that follows participants over time observing the same person at different intervals.
7
Q
what are the flaws of longitudinal designs
A
they can be costly nd time consuming
8
Q
what is attrition
A
participants dropping out of a study
9
Q
what is selective attrition
A
when the dropout of participants is not random,
participants from a particular definable group drop out in tandem
10
Q
are longitudinal designs experimental designs
A
no, they cannot be used to infer cause-and-effect relationships
11
Q
What is the myth of infant determinism
A
the assumption that extremely early experiences especially in the first three years of life are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping adulthood
12
Q
what is the result of the infant determinism myth
A
there’s no evidence that separating an infant from its mother during the first few hours after birth.
there’s no reason to believe that later experiences play any less of a role in development.
13
Q
what is the myth of Childhood fragility
A
a myth that holds children as resilient beings who can rebound from almost any early life experiences
14
Q
what is a gene-environment interaction
A
the impact of gene behaviour depends on the environment in which the behaviour effects
15
Q
what is nature vs nurture debate
A
Genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particular environments, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect of nature
16
Q
what is gene expression
A
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences through development.
17
Q
what is the prenatal stage of pregnancy
A
the period of pregnancy prior to birth, when the human body develops
18
Q
what is a zygote
A
a fertilized egg
19
Q
what 3 stages follow directly after fertilization
A
germinal
embryonic
fetal
20
Q
what is the form of the developing child during the embryonic stage
A
blastocyst - a ball of identical cells
cell has yet to specialize
0-2wks
21
Q
What is the embryonic stage of development?
A
2-8wks
blastocyst becomes embryo
limbs, facial features, major organs (heart, lungs, and brain)
begin to develop.
22
Q
what is the fetal stage of development
A
9wk - birth
the embryo becomes a fetus
physical maturation / bulking up
23
Q
what is proliferation
A
rapid growth of neurons in the brain between the 18th day and the 6th month
24
Q
what are obstacles to normal fetal development
A
- exposure to hazardous environmental influences
- biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
- premature birth
25
What are Teratogens
environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development.
26
what is a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
a disorder that develops from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, delays in growth, facial malformations, and behavioural disorders.
27
How many live births in Canada are diagnosed with Fetal alcohol syndrome
9/1000
28
what is the outcome of high smoking through development stage of pregnancy
low birth weight
less than 5.5lbs
29
what is considerd a premature birth
those born at fewer than 36 weeks
30
what is the viability point
the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own
it is around 25 weeks
31
what is the sucking reflex
an automatic response to oral stimuli
if something is put in a baby's mouth then it will clamp down and begin sucking
32
what is the rooting reflex
if an infant's cheek is touched they will turn their head in anticipation of eating
33
what are motive behaviours
bodily motions that occour as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
34
what are the major motor milestones during development
sitting up - 6m
crawling - 9m
standing unsupported - 11m
walking - 13m
35
what contributes to babies being unable to clasp their hands over their head
the growth of body parts occurs at different rates
36
what are mini growth spirts
growth spirts that occour every 30-55 days in children ages 3 - 16
37
what is adolescence
the point of full maturity
it is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood
teenage years.
many hormonal changes
38
what is puberty
the acheviement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
39
what are primairy sex charisterics
features such as the reproductive organs that distinguish the sexes
40
what are secondairt sex charisterics
a sex differentiating charisteric that does not directly relate to reproduction
Brest
voice
41
what is menarche
the onset of menstruation in females
14 ish
42
what is spermarche
the first ejaculation in males
around age 13
43
what factors relate to earlier onset of puberty
higher socioeconomic status
genetic / enviromental influences
nutrition and health
44
when do people reach their physical peak
early 20s
strength, cognative speed, plysical flexability
45
when does fertility in females decline
30s- 40s
46
what is menopause
the termination of menstruation
47
What is cognitive development
the study of how children aquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember
48
what are the 3 perspectives that explain how cognitive development theories develop
- Gradual vs Incremental
- domain-general vs domain-specific
- Physical experience vs social interaction vs biological maturation
49
how do gradual vs incremental theories differ in development
gradual theories
- continuous changes throughout life
Incremental theories
- stage-like development with periods of stability
50
how do domain-specific and domain-general differ
domain-general
- Cognitive abilities develop at a universally constant rate.
Domain-Specific
- the development of children's minds develop things at different rates.
- reasoning, language, counting
51
what are the 3 different views of principle source learning
physical experience
social interaction
Biological maturation
52
who was piaget to development
a stage theorist who believed children's development is marked by radical reorganization of thinking at specific transition points
53
what is equilibrium to cognitive development
maintaining a balance between our experiences of the world and our thoughts about it.
54
what is the idea of assimilation in development
the process of absorbing new experiences into a current schema.
making new ideas fit into the current idea of the universe.
55
what is the idea of accommodation in development
the altering of a schema to make it more compatible with new experiences.
changing beliefs to fit new experiences
56
what is the sensorimotor stage of development - Piaget
the first stage of development.
From birth to 2y
children only know what they can see
lack object permanence
lack deferred imitation `
57
what is object permanence
the understanding that an object continues to exist when it is out of sight
58
what is deferred imitation - Piaget
the ability to replicate an action that was previously observed
59
what is the Preoperational stage -Piaget
2y -7y
Can construct mental representations of their experiences
have object permanence
are egocentric
can not perform mental operations on mental pictures
60
what is egocentrism - Piaget
an inability to see the world from others points of view
The Mountain experiment
61
what are conservation tasks
a task that demonstrates egocentrism
62
what is the concrete operations stage -Piaget
7y - 11y
- can preform mental operations of - -
- actual events
- can preform conservation tasks
poor at preforming mental operations in hypothetical situations.
63
formal operation stage
11y - adulthood
- ability to preform hypothetical reasoning
- ability to use logic in new situations
- preform pendulum tasks
- can understand if-then statments
64
what are cons of Piagets perspective
- need to graduate from one stage to make another
- development is more specific
- pre level in one but excel in other tasks
- culturally bias methods
- not lab tests - observations of kids and grandkids
65
what are the pros of Piagets perspective
children are not just small adults
Learning Is an active process
Occams Razor
66
who is Lev Vygotsky in cognitive development
proposed sociocultural theory
scaffolding
zone of proximal development
67
what is scaffolding - Vygotsky
learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove the structure.
68
What is the zone of proximal development - Vygotsky
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
it is the phase of learning where children are receptive to learning new skills but arent successful at it yet.
69
What are the frontal lobes for and when do they develop
they control planning, desicion making, impulse control
they don't fully develop until early adulthood or late adolescence
70
what is a personal feeble
world revolves around you
your cinderella
71
What is the Mozart effect
the supposed enhancement in the intelligence after listening to classical music
72
why is categorization crucial to development
it frees us from having to explore every object to find out what it is and when
73
at what age range did Piaget propose children develop object permanence
8-12m
74
what is native physics
the set of beliefs that poses infants possess a basic understanding of some other aspect of how physical objects behave
75
what part of the brain is the accomplishment that babies recognise themselves
left temporal and parietal lobes
76
what is the theory of mind
children's ability to reason about what other people believe.
the task with
77
what is the false belief task
test that tests children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong
78
what are 3 aspects children learn about numbers?
- numbers are about an amount
- number words refer to specific quantities
- numbers are ordered from smallest to largest in quantity
79
when do the frontal lobes fully mature
lade adolescence to early adulthood
80
what does the frontal lobe control
impulsive behaviors, decision making
81
what are limbic structures in the brain involved in
peer pressure susceptibility
82
what is a personable fable
teenagers' feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching that can lead to feelings of being invincible
83
in what way does the cognitive ability in adults change over time
People cant remember like they used to
People overall speed of processing declines over time
84
85
what part of the brain matter decrease over time in adults
the cortex and hippocampus
86
what 3 cognitive functions are largely spared from age-related decline
- cued recall and recognition
- little decline in material pertinent for everyday life
- crystallized intelligence maintains or improves over the lifespan
87
what is stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that develops at 8m lasting till months 12 or 15 then declining steadily
88
what is 8 month's disorder
another term for stranger anxiety
89
why does 8m anxiety make sence
it develops at the age most infants start crawling
90
what is temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
91
what are the 4 major temperament styles
easy infants - 40%
difficult infants - 10%
slow-to-warm up infants -15%
behaviorly inhibited (scared cats) - 10%
92
how popular is the scaredy cat
15%in cats and 10% in humans
93
how does high behaviorial inhibition effect risk of shyness
scaredy cats are at a heigntend risk of shyness and anxiety disorders
94
what is attachment
the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
ensures infants don't stray too far from those who cloth and feed them
95
what is imprinting
the behavior in which children grow attached to their caregiver
or in geese the first large object they see
occours within a time period
96
what is a critical period
a period in which something has to occur or it will not happen
Humans have sensitive periods
97
what is contact confort
the positive emotions afforded by touch
contct comfort helps premature babies gain weight and develop healthier
98
what is the idea of attachment styles
the way a child reacts when the caregiver returns after leaving unannounced
99
what is the strange situation task
the task used to trigger a reactionin children
it involved a parent/caregiver to leafe the room unannounced then return after time past.
100
what are the 4 styles of attachment
secure attachment
insecure attachment
Insecure anxious attachment
Disorganised attachment
101
what is secure attachment
effects 60% north america
infant reacts to caregivers departure becoming upset
greets return with joy
Carefiver is a secure base
102
what is insecure attachment
15%-20% north america
infant is indifferent to departure
little reaction on return
103
what is anxious attachemnt
15-20%
departue is panic
mixed emotion on return
Anxious ambivilounce
104
what is disorganised attachment
5%
inconsistant and confused reactions to both departure and return
105
what is mono-ooperation bias
the act of relying on only one measure to draw a conclusion
106
what are the 4 parenting styles
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Uninvolved
107
what is the permissive parenting style
parents are very lenient
little discipline
little affection
108
what is the authoritarian parenting style
strict
punishing
little affection
109
what is the authoritative parenting style
supportive with firm limits
the best outcome for children
110
what is uninvolved parenting style
neglectful
pay little attention to kids
worst outcome for kids
111
how does spanking effect behavior
little to no effect on changing behavior
by the time a kid gets spanked they no longer associate it with a bad behavior
112
to what extent do parenting styles affect a child's development
an environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline . it says parenting styles don't have that much of an effect.
113
what is the average expectable environment
the environment that provides children with the basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline
114
what are the collectivist cultures
china
high premium on harmony
115
what are the individualist cultures
Canada and united states
high premium on achievement and independence
116
what is group socialization theory
theory of development
most environmental transmission is horizontal ( child to child) vs vertical
117
what role do parents play in development
parents are main influence until school age
118
how do fathers differ form mothers
fathers are...
less attentive
spend less time with
more time in physical play
boys and girls choose their fathers as playmates over mothers
119
how does divorce effect children
less than expected
most children of divorce come out unscaved
Higher conflict prior to divorce leads to worse outcomes for children
120
define sex
individuals biological status as male or female
121
define gender
the psycological charisterics behaviors and emotions that society associates with being male or female
122
define gender identy
people's sence of being male or female
123
define gender roles
behaviors accompanied with members of the gender
124
how young do children associate tooys with gender
as young as 3 months old
125
define sex segregation
children understand the differences between genders and are aware thy fit better with one gender than the other
126
which parent is more likely to enforce gender stereotypes
fathers
127
define identy
our sence of who we are as well as our lives goals and priorities
128
define psychosocial crisis
a dilemma concerning. our relations to other people and the trust they deserve
129
what is the virtue of Trust vs Mistrust
Infancy
Devleopmemt of trust in others
130
what is the virtue of Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
early childhood
Developing greater sence of personal control
131
what is the virtue of Initiave vs Guilt
Play age
develops feeling of leadership ality
exploring and manipulating
132
what is the virtue of Industry vs inferiority
School age
Children develop feelings of comptance and belief
133
What is the virtue of Identy vs Role Confusion
Teens
sence of identity shaped by social interaction
134
what is the virtue of Intimacy vs isolation
Young adulthood
Close sommitted relationships
String sence of identy
135
what is the virtue of generativity vs Stagnation
Adulthood
feelings of contribution to the world
being active in community
136
what is the virtue of Ego integrity vs despair
Old age
Reflection of lives
regretful ?
137
define emerging adulthood
period of life between ages of 18-25
emotional development, identy, and personality become solidified
138
